Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 8, Número 2, Dezembro 2008, Páginas 183-201

DOI: 10.5894/rgci148
* Submissão – 14 Setembro 2008; Avaliação – 27 Outubro 2008; Recepção da versão revista – 9 Novembro; Disponibilização on-line: 23 Dezembro 2008

Cultivo de Millepora alcicornis como uma ferramenta para Restauração e Manejo dos Ecossistemas Recifais do Nordeste do Brasil *

Culture of Millepora alcicornis as a tool for restoration and management of reefal ecosystems of Northeast Brazil

Marília D. M. Oliveira ^{1, 2}, Zelinda M. A. N. Leão ², Ruy K.P. Kikuchi

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1 - Autor correspondente: [email protected]
2 - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Geociências, Centro de Pesquisas em Geofísica e Geologia

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RESUMO
Neste trabalho foi avaliado o potencial de cultivo do hidróide calcário Millepora alcicornis, importante construtor dos recifes no Brasil, como uma ferramenta para restaurar áreas recifais degradadas no Nordeste do Brasil. Os fragmentos de M. alcicornis foram produzidos a partir de cinco colônias coletadas na Baía de Todos os Santos, Salvador, Bahia. Esses fragmentos, medindo cerca de 10cm de altura, foram mantidos em condições de cultivo em sistema de aquário, sob o regime de luz 12 horas no claro/12 horas no escuro e ausência de suplemento alimentar durante 15 semanas. Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram controlados e mantidos em níveis adequados para o crescimento de organismos calcificadores com sistema de filtragem, trocas parciais de água do sistema, e adição de cálcio na água. Os fragmentos foram posicionados numa placa de vidro a 15 cm abaixo da superfície da água do aquário para receberam a mesma quantidade de luz. A extensão lateral (expansão) e o crescimento vertical (extensão vertical dos ramos) dos fragmentos foram avaliados semanalmente, através da comparação de fotografias digitais e as medidas de extensão lateral e do crescimento vertical foram quantificadas a cada cinco semanas. O peso (calcificação esquelética) de cada fragmento foi obtido uma vez por semana através da técnica do buoyant weight. O crescimento esquelético dos fragmentos foi comparado entre cada período de cinco semanas, através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados mostram que 100% dos fragmentos mantiveram-se fixados ao suporte durante as 15 semanas, sem qualquer sinal de estresse. Foi observado um aumento gradativo da extensão lateral em 60% dos fragmentos ao final de 15 semanas, quando 50% dos fragmentos atingiram o dobro dos valores de extensão lateral encontrada no final da quinta semana. Foi observado crescimento vertical de até 7mm em alguns dos ramos dos fragmentos ao final de 15 semanas. Não houve diferença significativa ao nível de 5% entre as médias de crescimento esquelético dos fragmentos a cada período de cinco semanas. Isto confirma que a quantidade de carbonato de cálcio incorporada no esqueleto de M. alcicornis que pode formar a estrutura rígida do recife não foi afetada pelas condições de cultivo dos fragmentos no sistema de aquários, principalmente considerando o confinamento e o posicionamento dos fragmentos em relação à iluminação, bem como a disposição dos fragmentos na placa de vidro. Os fragmentos de M. alcicornis a partir de 7g podem ser cultivados com um fotoperíodo de 12 horas por dia. O tempo de utilização de lâmpadas tipo HQI pode ser reduzido e não é preciso adicionar suplemento alimentar ao sistema, o que reduz os gastos com a energia e com a alimentação. Os fragmentos de Millepora podem ser cultivados sem que haja sinal de estresse. Isto indica que existe grande probabilidade de sucesso ao serem reintroduzidos no ecossistema. A fragmentação ou coleta de fragmentos, cultivo dos fragmentos e reintrodução de Millepora é, portanto, uma poderosa ferramenta de manejo e restauração de áreas recifais degradadas na costa Nordeste do Brasil, mas não prescinde de ações que reduzam as causas da degradação ambiental.

Palavras chave: recifes de corais, restauração, Millepora alcicornis

ABSTRACT
This work evaluates the potential for cultivating the calcareous hidroid Millepora alcicornis, which is an important reef builder in Brazil, and its use as a tool to restore degraded reef areas in northeast Brazil. Fragments of M. alcicornis were produced from five colonies collected in Todos os Santos Bay, Salvador, Bahia. These fragments, measuring about 10cm in height, were maintained in an aquarium system in alternating 12 hours light/dark regime periods and in the absence of food supply during 15 weeks. The illumination system was composed of metal halide lamps (HQI) of 150w and color temperature of 10.000k, and two fluorescence tubes (white and blue ones). In aquarium A, fluorescence tubes were 40w and 20.000k and in aquarium B, 15w and 20.000k. The system was controlled by timers, which maintained the fluorescente lights on between 6:00 am and 6:00 pm, and HQI lamps on from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm. Physical-chemical parameters were controlled and maintained at levels appropriate to calcifying organisms with a filtering system, partial water change and addition of calcium to the water. The fragments were put on a glass plate 15cm under water level to receive equal amounts of light. Lateral extension (expansion) and vertical growth (vertical extension of the branches) of the fragments were evaluated weekly, through the comparison of digital photographs and the measurement of lateral extension and vertical growth were quantified every five weeks. The weight (skeletal calcification) of each fragment was obtained once a week using the buoyant weight technique. Skeletal calcification growth values were obtained every five weeks as well. This five weeks growth was calculated as the difference of value obtained in the fifth and first weeks (AC5), the difference of value obtained in the tenth and fifth weeks (AC10) and the difference of value obtained in the fifteenth and tenth weeks (AC15). Each five weeks skeletal growth of the fragments was compared with Kruskal-Wallis test. The results show all fragments remained fixed to the support during the sampling period, without signs of stress. A gradual lateral extension in 60% of the fragments was observed after the fifteen weeks, when 50% of the fragments had doubled the lateral extension measured in the fifth week. A vertical growth of up to 7mm was observed in some branches at the end of the study. There was no significant difference in the skeletal growth of the fragments at each five week period. This confirms that the amount of calcium carbonate incorporated in the skeleton of Millepora alcicornis that can build the reef framework was not affected by the culture conditions of the fragments in the aquarium system, considering the confinement and the position of the fragments relative to light and their disposal on the glass plate. Fragments of M. alcicornis heavier than 7 grams can be cultivated with a photoperiod of 12 hours a day. The time use of HQI lamps may be reduced and it is not necessary to supply food to the system, what reduces costs of energy and food. Fragments of Millepora can be cultured without signs of stress. This indicates a great probability of success if they were reintroduced in the ecosystem. The success of a restoration program with Millepora alcicornis will depend on the stabilization of good conditions of water properties. However its branching form prevents accumulation of sediment on it surface and as they live in shallow and high energy environments, turbidity and sedimentation would not be a limiting factor if the restoration program is developed in such places. Using fragmentation or the collection fragments of Millepora, and their culture and reintroduction is a powerful tool to management and restoration of degraded reefal areas in Northeast Brazil, and in this aspect, the survival potential of different sizes of their fragments must also be tested. Furthermore, the success of restoration programs demand measures that reduce the causes of environmental degradation.

Keywords: coral reefs, restoration, Millepora alcicornis

 

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