Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 12, Número 4, Dezembro 2012, Páginas 545-557

DOI: 10.5894/rgci337
* Submission: June 03 2012; Evaluation: July 09, 2012; Reception of revised manuscript: December 06, 2012; Accepted: December 07, 2012; Available on-line: December 14, 2012

** Portuguese Abstract and captions by Ulisses M Azeiteiro on behalf of the Journal Editorial Board

Examining local conservation and development: Live reef food fishing in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia *

Conservação e desenvolvimento local: recursos pesqueiros no Arquipélago de Spermonde na
Indonésia **

Irendra Radjawali ^{@, 1}

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@ - Corresponding author
1 - Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology - Bremen / Fahrenheitstrasse 6, Bremen 28359, Germany. e-mail: irendra.radjawali@zmt-bremen.de

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ABSTRACT
Live reef food fish (LRFF) fishing is one of the most important livelihoods for the people of the coastal and small island communities within the Spermonde Archipelago in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. However, LRFF fishing and trade is considered a threat to the reef ecosystem due to over-fishing and the use of cyanide as a method of increasing the LRFF catch. This paper examines the effectiveness of a development and conservation effort known as COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project), which was funded by loans and grants from various international financial institutions and overseas development agencies that aim to protect, rehabilitate, and sustain the utilization of coral reefs and their associated ecosystems in Indonesia. In this paper, COREMAP is examined in order to answer the main research question, “Has the lack of understanding of the socio-economics of the LRFF fishing and trade been a factor in the shortcomings of COREMAP to protect, rehabilitate, and sustain the utilization of coral reefs and their associated ecosystem in Indonesia?” This paper demonstrates that the achievement of COREMAP’s goals has been hindered by COREMAP’s inability to incorporate commoditization processes characterized by profit accumulation in the hands of a few actors and by the persistence of debts structure through the existing LRFF fishing and trade networks into COREMAP’s strategies and policies. Moreover, this paper also demonstrates that COREMAP’s organizational structures have not been able to challenge the practices of corruption which maintain cyanide fishing practices, characterized by the existing LRFF prosecution insurance network. This paper concludes that the inability of COREMAP to clearly address the issues of profit accumulation and debts as well as to challenge the practice of corruption have led to shortcomings in the achievement of COREMAP’s conservation and development goals. The case of managing reef fishery in Indonesia provides valuable lessons for countries with abundant reef ecosystem and for international development agencies which support the conservation and development of coastal areas.

Keywords: Live reef food fish (LRFF); COREMAP; social networks; conservation; Spermonde Archipelago; cyanide fishing.

RESUMO
A pesca nos recifes é um dos mais importantes meios de subsistência para as comunidades costeiras e das ilhas no arquipélago de Spermonde na província Sulawesi no sul da Indonésia. Contudo, a pesca e o comércio dos recursos biomarinhos pesqueiros é considerada uma ameaça aos ecossistemas recifais devido à sobrepesca e ao uso de cianeto para aumentar as capturas. Neste trabalho avalia-se o sucesso de um plano de desenvolvimento e conservação, o COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project), financiado por empréstimos e apoios de várias instituições financeiras internacionais e agências de desenvolvimento, com o objectivo de proteger, reabilitar e implementar o uso sustentável dos recifes de coral e os ecossistemas associados. O COREMAP é avaliado no sentido de responder à questão investigativa “A ausência de conhecimento e compreensão dos factores socioeconómicos relativos à pesca e comércio dos recursos biomarinhos pesqueiros constituíram factores negativos na aplicação dos objectivos do COREMAP?” Este estudo demonstra que os resultados e execução do COREMAP foram prejudicados pelas deficiências na incorporação dos processos de mercantilização e a acumulação dos lucros junto de poucos dos envolvidos, persistindo ainda uma dinâmica de débitos nas redes comerciais associadas às estratégias e politicas do COREMAP. Além disso, o COREMAP não teve êxito em impedir as práticas associadas ao uso de cianeto para aumentar as capturas. Concluímos que o COREMAP não atingiu os objectivos de criação de riqueza e equilíbrio económico, assim como não conseguiu impedir as práticas lesivas do ambiente associadas a dinâmicas sociais inadequadas e impeditivas de desenvolvimento socio ambiental. O caso da pesca recifal na Indonésia é referencial para países com grandes ecossistemas recifais e para as agências internacionais de desenvolvimento que apoiam e suportam a conservação e o desenvolvimento das áreas costeiras.

Palavras-chave: Recifes; Pesca; Redes socioeconómicas; COREMAP; Arquipélago de Spermonde; cianeto.

 

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