Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 14, Número 4, Dezembro 2014, Páginas 611-624

DOI: 10.5894/rgci449
* Submission: 29 October 2013; Evaluation: 4 December 2013; Reception of revised manuscript: 20 March 2014; Accepted: 11 April 2014; Available on-line: 21 April 2014

Definition of priority areas for the conservation of a coastal reef complex in the eastern Brazilian coast *

Miguel Loiola ^{@, a, b}, Igor C. S. Cruz ^{a, c} Zelinda M. A. N. Leão ^a,
Ruy K. P. Kikuchi ^a

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@ - Corresponding author, to whom correspondence should be addressed.: Miguel Loiola <[email protected]>
a - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Geociências, Grupo de Pesquisa em Recifes de Corais e Mudanças Globais, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n - Campus Universitário de Ondina - CEP 40170-290 Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.
b - Universidade Federal do Estado da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomonitoramento, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/ n, Ondina, CEP 40170-115 - Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.
c - Universidade Federal do Estado da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/ n, Ondina, CEP 40170-115 - Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.

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ABSTRACT
Coral reef integrity is currently threatened by natural and human activities. The reefs of the eastern Brazilian coast, which stand out as the largest and richest of the South Atlantic Ocean, are not an exception. Tourism exploitation, destructive fishing practices, increased pollution and uncontrolled coastal development are the major human impacts on reefs. The creation of new no-taken zones (NTZs) has thus become an urgent issue because NTZs represent the best measure to guarantee the conservation of reef ecosystems, which are considered biodiversity hotspots. The objective of this work was to define priority areas for implementing NTZs in a coastal reef complex located on the eastern Brazilian coast (southern coast of Bahia State, in the Tinharé Archipelago), which is within an environmental protection area (Tinharé and Boipeba Islands State Environmental Protection Area [‘Área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual das Ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba’]). Here we performed a detailed ecological survey of the benthic community in a set of coastal reefs and calculated quantitative conservation priority indices (CPIs) based on ecological attributes associated with the cover of key benthic organisms (corals, macroalgae, filamentous algae, branching and encrusting calcareous algae, sponges and zoanthids) and quantitative indices related to coral species richness and the mean age of the reefs in question. Five coral reefs were classified as high priority for conservation. The large spatial extent of the adjacent fringing reefs of the islands of Tinharé and Boipeba justifies the creation of two rectangular NTZs. We recommend therefore the implementation of two 12 km2 areas spanning two reefs considered of high conservation priority located on the island of Tinharé (“Boca da Barra Norte and Sul”) and one reef located on the island of Boipeba (“Ponta dos Castelhanos”). With this design, two of the reefs that were classified as high priority for conservation, “Piscinas de Moreré” and “Tassimirim” (Boipeba), which are extensively used by local populations (for fishing and tourism), would not be covered by the NTZs. The effectiveness of the conservation of these ecosystems also depends on popular acceptance and participation and on combating destructive anthropogenic activities in the region, which include destructive fishing practices and exploratory tourism.

Keywords: Coral reefs; Designing protected area; Reef degradation, Conservation plan; No-taken zones.

Definição de áreas prioritárias para a conservação de um complexo recifal costeiro na costa leste brasileira

RESUMO
Atualmente a integridade dos recifes de corais está ameaçada por conta de impactos naturais e humanos. Os recifes da costa leste brasileira, que se destacam como os maiores e mais ricos do Oceano Atlântico Sul, não fogem a esta regra. A exploração turística, as práticas de pesca predatória, o aumento da poluição e o desenvolvimento costeiro desordenado representam os principais impactos humanos sobre os recifes. Por conta disso a criação de novas áreas de exclusão de uso (AEUs) se tornaram demandas urgentes e representam a melhor medida para que a conservação desses ecossistemas, considerados como ‘hotspots’ de biodiversidade, seja garantida. A partir disso o objetivo deste trabalho foi definir áreas prioritárias para a implantação de AEUs em um complexo de recifes costeiros localizado na costa leste brasileira (mais especificamente no litoral sul do estado da Bahia, no Arquipélago de Tinharé), os quais estão dentro dos limites de uma área de proteção ambiental (APA estadual das ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba). Para tanto, aqui nós realizamos um levantamento ecológico detalhado da comunidade bentônica de um conjunto de recifes costeiros e calculamos para cada um destes índices quantitativos de prioridade de conservação (IPC), baseados em atributos ecológicos associados à cobertura de organismos bentônicos chaves (corais, macroalgas, algas filamentosas, algas calcárias ramificadas e incrustantes, esponjas e zoantídeos), e também em índices quantitativos relacionados à riqueza de espécies de corais e à idade média dos recifes em questão. De acordo com o IPC, cinco recifes foram classificados como recifes de alta prioridade de conservação. A grande extensão territorial da franja recifal adjacente às ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba justifica a criação de duas AEUs com formato retangular (formato mais eficiente para esse tipo de unidade de conservação, segundo a literatura especializada). Sugerimos a implantação de duas áreas com 12 km2, abrangendo dois recifes considerados como de alta prioridade de conservação localizados na ilha de Tinharé (Boca da Barra Norte e Sul) e um recife localizado na ilha de Boipeba (Ponta dos Castelhanos). A partir desse arranjo, dois dos recifes classificados como de alta prioridade para conservação, respectivamente Piscina de Moreré e Tassimirim (ambos localizados na ilha de Boipeba), extensivamente usados pelas populações locais (exploração pesqueira e uso turístico), não seriam contemplados pelas AEUs. Ressaltamos que a efetividade da conservação desses ecossistemas depende, também, da aceitação e participação popular e do combate às ações antropogênicas destrutivas, relacionadas na região às práticas de pesca destrutiva e turismo exploratório.

Palavras-chave: Recifes de corais; Criação de áreas marinhas protegidas; Degradação recifal; Plano de Conservação; Áreas de exclusão de uso.

 

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