Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 14, Número 3, Setembro 2014, Páginas 347-363

DOI: 10.5894/rgci456
* Submission: 26 NOV 2013; Peer review: 15 JAN 2014; Revised: 28 FEB 2014; Accepted: 26 JUL 2014; Available on-line: 17 SEPT 2014

Alterações Climáticas, Perceções e Racionalidades *

Climate Change, Perceptions and Rationalities

Vanda Viegas ^{@, 1, 2}, Ulisses M. Azeiteiro ^{1, 2}, João Alveirinho Dias ³, Fátima Alves ^{4, 5}

---

@ - Corresponding author
1 - Universidade Aberta, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Palácio Ceia, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 141 – 147, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal. e-mail: <[email protected]>.
2 - Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal. e-mail: <[email protected]>
3 - CIMA – Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental da Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal. e-mail: <[email protected]>
4 - Universidade Aberta, Departamento de Ciências Sociais e Gestão, Palácio Ceia, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 141 – 147, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
5 - Centro de Estudos das Migrações e das Relações Interculturais e Centro de Ecologia Funcional – Ecologia e Sociedade, Universidade de Coimbra e Universidade Aberta, Portugal. e-mail: <[email protected]>

---

RESUMO
Considerando que as Alterações Climáticas (AC) – uma das cinco áreas-guia da Estratégia 2020 da Comissão Europeia – são
um problema global que requer respostas locais articuladas aos níveis macro, meso e micro; e que a sua compreensão implica a
identificação das relações reciprocamente influentes entre a Natureza, a Sociedade e a Cultura; qualquer intervenção – seja no
sentido da mitigação das AC, seja no sentido da adaptação às AC – envolve necessariamente essa mesma sociedade, em toda a
complexidade das suas dimensões socioculturais e ambientais. Neste artigo, enquadrado pelas teorias compreensivas,
refletimos brevemente sobre algumas das inter-relações entre os sistemas climáticos, ambientais e socioculturais e defendemos
que as racionalidades leigas, por se enraizarem em tipos e fontes de saber plurais, são um dos pilares para melhor se
compreender e lidar com o fenómeno das AC.

Palavras-chave: racionalidades leigas, alterações climáticas, capital social, saberes-poderes, sustentabilidade

ABSTRACT
Whereas Climate Change (CC) – one of the five prioritary areas of the Strategy 2020 of the European Commission – is a global challenge needing local responses, articulated at the macro, meso and micro levels; and while its understanding entails identifying mutually influential relationships between Nature, Society and Culture, any intervention – either to mitigate or adapt to CC – necessarily involves society itself, in the full complexity of its sociocultural and environmental dimensions. In a world in the midst of a major demographic transition, with a population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, issues like sustainability, resource use, scarcity and sharing, have been interwoven in the international, regional and local arenas. This
paper develops in the light of comprehensive theories. The methodological procedures are based upon desk research and all the work relies on the reflexive notion and today´s ubiquitous complexity. The spirit of this pivotal approach is the interest in knowledge, curiosity for different dimensions of knowledge and how it is (re)produced, articulated and reflected in the
relationships of the individual human being, with itself, with other human beings, with other living creatures and with the environment. This papers argues that the lay rationalities, because they take root in various types and sources of knowledge, are one of the pillars to better understand and deal with the phenomenon of CC. Part one of this paper makes a brief reference to ethical implications, preceded by a succinct analysis of the key dynamics and processes, which are considered responsible for the variability and climate change in a diachronic perspective. Part two discusses some of the sustainability issues, with a brief introduction to the pathways and strategies for mitigating and adapting to CC, which have been outlined and lie ahead, linking the global dimension to the local dimension, governments to markets and to civil society. Finally, focusing on lay rationalities, a brief approach is sought regarding the issues of reflexivity, social capital and the ‘knowledge-power’ concept, keeping in mind that the study of the social reality, which is complex in nature, is always a (de)constructed exercise of dialectics between generalization and specialization.

Keywords: lay rationalities, climate change, social capital, knowledge-power, sustainability.

 

Abe, Y. (1993) – Physical state of the very early Earth. Lithos, 30(3-4):223-235. DOI: 10.1016/0024-4937(93)90037-D.

Adler, P.S.; Kwon, S-W. (2000) – Social Capital: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. In: Eric L. Lesser (ed.), Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundations and Applications, pp.89-115, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA, U.S.A. DOI: 10.2139/ ssrn.186928.

Alves, F. (2011) – A Doença Mental Nem Sempre é Doença. Racionalidades Leigas sobre a Saúde e Doença Mental – Um Estudo no Norte de Portugal. 293 p., Edições Afrontamento, Porto, Portugal. ISBN: 978-9723611335.

Alves, F.; Araújo, M.J.; Azeiteiro, U.M. (2012) – Cidadania ambiental e participação: o diálogo e articulação entre distintos saberes-poderes. Revista Saúde em Debate (ISSN: 0103-1104), 36:46-54, Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Disponível on-line em https://repositorio aberto.uab.pt/bitstream/10400.2/3160/3/
RevistaSaudeDebate_pd f.pdf.

Alves, F.; Caeiro, S.; Azeiteiro, U.M. (2014) – Lay Rationalities of Climate Change. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management (ISSN: 1756-8692), 6(1):1756-8692, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, U.K. Disponível on-line em http://www.emeraldinsight.com/ journals.htm?issn=1756-8692&volume
=6&issue=1.

Aristóteles (2009) – Ética a Nicómaco. 320 p., Quetzal Editores, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 978-9725648032

Baudouin-Cornu, P.; Thomas, D. (2007) – Oxygen at life’s boundaries. Nature, 445:35-36. DOI: 10.1038/nature05521.

Beck, U.; Giddens, A.; Lash, S. (1995) – Modernização Reflexiva – Política, Tradição e Estética na Ordem Social Moderna. 264p., Editora Unesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. ISBN: 8571391432.

Bijma, J.; Pörtner H-O.; Yesson C.; Rogers A.D. (2013) – Climate change and the oceans – What does the future hold? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(2):495-505. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2013.07.022.

Bohensky, E.L.; Butler, J.R.A.; Davies, J. (2013) – Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and science in natural resource management: perspectives from Australia. Ecology and Society, 18(3):20. DOI: 10.5751/ES-05846-180320.

Bohensky, E.L.; Maru, Y. (2011) – Indigenous Knowledge, Science, and Resilience: What Have We Learned from a Decade of International Literature on "Integration"? Ecology and Society, 16(4):6. DOI: 10.5751/ES-04342-160406.

Bourdieu, P. (1980a) – Le Sens pratique. 480p., Les Éditions de Minuit, Paris, France. ISBN: 2707302988.

Bourdieu, P. (1980b) – Le capital social: notes provisoires. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Social (ISBN: 0026-9395), 31:2-3, Bouquiner Éditeur, Paris, France. Disponível on-line em http://www.persee.fr/
web/revues/home/prescript/article/arss_03 35-5322_1980_num_31_1_
2069

Brace, C.; Geoghegan, H. (2010) – Human geographies of climate change: Landscape, temporality, and lay knowledges. Progress in Human Geography, 35(3):284–302. DOI: 10.1177/ 0309132510376259.

Broecker, W.S. (1991) – The Great Ocean Conveyor. Oceanography, 4(2):79–89. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.1991.07.

Broecker, W.S. (2006) - Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood? Science, 312(5777):1146-1148. DOI: 10.1126/science. 1123253.

Brundtland, G.H. (coord.) (1987) – Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427- Development and International Cooperation: Environment. 245p., United Nations. Disponível on-line em http://conspect.nl/pdf/Our_Common_Future-Brundtland_Report _1987.pdf.

Butterfield, N.J. (2007) – Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time. Palaeontology, 50(1):41-55. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x.

Callicott, J.B. (2005) – A ética da terra. In: D. Jamieson (Coord.), Manual de Filosofia do Ambiente, pp.213-226, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 978-9727717729.

Came, R.E.; Eiler, J.M.; Veizer, J.; Azmy, K.; Brand, U.; Weidman, C.R. (2006) – Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Palaeozoic era. Nature, 449 (7159):198–201. DOI: 10.1038/nature06085.

Cameron, R. (2004) – História Económica do Mundo - De uma Forma Concisa, de há 30 000 Anos até ao Presente. 496 p., Publicações Europa-América, Sintra, Portugal. ISBN: 978- 9721044784.

Canotilho, J.J.G. (2010) – O Princípio da sustentabilidade como Princípio estruturante do Direito Constitucional. Tékhne (Revista de Estudos Politécnicos) (ISSN: 1645-9911), VIII(13):007-018, Instituto Politécnico do Cávado e do Ave, Barcelos, Portugal. Disponível on-line em http://www.scielo. oces.mctes.pt/pdf/tek/n13/n13a02.pdf.

CE (2002) – Decisão do Conselho 2002/358/CE, de 25 de Abril de 2002, relativa à aprovação, em nome da Comunidade Europeia, do Protocolo de Quioto da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre as alterações climáticas e ao cumprimento conjunto dos respectivos compromissos. Jornal Oficial da União Europeia - Edição em língua portuguesa (ISSN: 1725- 2601), L130(15/05/2002):1-3. Disponível on-line em http://eurlex. europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:
32002D 0358:PT:HTML.

CECAC – APA (2011)- Ponto da situação das políticas de alterações climáticas em Portugal. 31 p., Comité Executivo da Comissão para as Alterações Climáticas (CECAC) / Agência Portuuesa do Ambiente (APA), Lisboa, Portugal. Disponível on-line em http://www.cumprirquioto.pt/
documents/List.action.

Cockell, C.S.; Raven, J.A. (2007) – Ozone and life on the Archaean Earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Mathematical, Physical &Engineering Sciences, 365:1889– 1901. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2007.2049.

Coleman, J.S. (1988) – Social Capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology (ISSN: 0002-9602), 94(suppl.):S95-S120, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. Disponível on-line em http://www.jstor.org/ discover/10.2307/2780243?uid=2&uid=
4&sid=2110427876947 7.

Crowe, S.A.; Døssing, L.N.; Beukes, N.J.; Bau, M.; Kruger, S.J.; Frei, R.; Canfield, D.E. (2013) – Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago. Nature, 501(7468):535–538. DOI: 10.1038/ nature12426.

Delicado, A.; Schmidt, L.; Guerreiro, S.; Gomes, C. (2012) – Pescadores, conhecimento local e mudanças costeiras no litoral Português. Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 12(4):437- 451. DOI: 10.5894/rgci349.

Des Marais, D.J. (2000) – When Did Photosynthesis Emerge on Earth? Science, 289(5485):1703-1705. DOI: 10.1126/science. 289.5485.1703.

Drake, M.J. (2005) - Origin of water in the terrestrial planets. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40(4):519–527. DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00960.x.

Dudley, R. (1998) – Atmospheric oxygen, giant Paleozoic insects and the evolution of aerial locomotor performance. Journal of Experimental Biology (ISSN: 0022-0949), 201:1043–1050, Company of Biologists, Cambridge, U.K. Disponível on-line em http://jeb.biologists.org/content/
201/8/1043.full.pdf.

Earth Charter (2000) – The Earth Charter. 4p., The Earth Charter Initiative. Disponível on-line em http://www.earthcharter inaction.org/
invent/images/uploads/echarter_english.pdf.

Edelenbos, J.; Van Buuren, A.; Van Schie, N. (2011) – Co-producing knowledge: joint knowledge production between experts, bureaucrats and stakeholders in Dutch water management projects. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(6):675–684. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.04.004.

Egiziabher, T.B.G. (2004) – Uma globalização baseada nas pessoas. (397-416) In: B.S. Santos (org.), Semear outras soluções. Os Caminhos da Biodiversidade e dos Conhecimentos Rivais. Edições Afrontamento, Porto, Portugal. ISBN: 978- 9723607208.

Fabry, V.J.; Seibel, B.A.; Feely, R.A.; Orr, J.C. (2008) – Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES- Journal of Marine Science, 65(3):414–432. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsn048.

Falkowski, P.G. (2006) – Tracing Oxygen's Imprint on Earth's Metabolic Evolution. Science, 311(5768):1724-1725. DOI: 10.1126/science.1125937.

Field, C.B.; Barros, V.; Stocker, T.F.; Qin, D.; Dokken, D.J.; Ebi, K.L.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Mach, K.J.; Plattner, G.-K.; Allen, S.K.; Tignor, M.; Midgley, P.M. (eds.) (2012) - Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 582 p., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. / New York, NY, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1107607804. Disponível on-line em http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/images/uploads/SREX-All_FI NAL.pdf.

Firestone, R.B.; West, A.; Kennett, J.P.; Beckere, L.; Bunchf, T.E.; Revayg, Z.S.; Schultzh, P.H.; Belgyag, T.; Kennetti, D.J.; Erlandsoni, J.M.; Dickensonj, O.J.; Goodyeark, A.C.; Harrish, R.S.; Howardl, G.A.; Kloostermanm, J.B.; Lechlern, P.; Mayewskio, P.A.; Montgomeryj, J.; Poredap, R.; Darrahp, T.; Que Heeq, S.S.; Smitha, A.R.; Stichr, A.; Toppings, W.; Wittkef J.H.; Wolbachr, W.S. (2007) – Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling. PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(41):16016-16021. DOI: 10.1073/pnas. 0706977104.

Foucault, M. (1992) – Primeira Leccion 7 de enero de 1976 – Erudición y saberes sometidos. (15-32) In: Genealogía del Racismo – De la guerra de las razas al racismo de Estado. Col. Genealogía del poder. Madrid. Las ediciones de La Piqueta. ISBN: 8477311307.

Fukuyama, F. (1999) – Social Capital and Civil Society. Prepared for delivery at the IMF Conference on Second Generation Reforms, The Institute of Public Policy, George Mason University, U.S.A. Disponível on-line em https://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/
fukuyama.htm - I. Ganopolski, A.; Rahmstorf, S. (2001) – Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature, 409:153- 158. DOI: 10.1038/35051500.

Ghosha, P.; Ghosh, P.; Bhattacharya, S.K. (2001) – CO2 levels in the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic atmosphere from soil carbonate and organic matter, Satpura basin, Central Índia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 170(3- 4):219-236. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00237-1.

Giddens, A. (1991) – As consequências da modernidade. 180 p., Editora UNESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. ISBN: 8571390223. Disponível on-line em http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br /posfsa/Autores/Giddens,%20
Anthony/ANTHONY%20GIDDE NS%20-%20As%20Consequencias%
20da%20Modernidade.pdf

Glikson, A.Y. (2014) – Early Atmosphere-Ocean-Biosphere Systems. In: Andrew Y. Glikson, Evolution of the Atmosphere, Fire and the Anthropocene Climate Event Horizon, pp. 3-19, Springer Netherlands. ISBN: 978-9400773318. DOI: 10.1007/ 978-94-007-7332-5_1.

Guerra, I.C. (2006) – Pesquisa Qualitativa e Análise de Conteúdo – Sentidos e formas de uso. Cascais, Ed. Principia. ISBN: 978- 9728818661.

Guo, Q.; Strauss, H.; Kaufman, A.J.; Schröder, S.; Gutzmer, J. (2009) – Reconstructing Earth's surface oxidation across the Archean-Proterozoic transition. Geology, 37(5):399-402. DOI: 10.1130/G25423A.1.

Hettinger, N. (2005) – Desobediência ambiental. In: D. Jamieson (coord.), Manual de Filosofia do Ambiente, pp. 509-520, Instituto Piaget, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 978-9727717729.

Higgins, S.S. (2005) – Fundamentos Teóricos do Capital Social. 263 p., Unochapecó, Argos Editora, Chapecó, Brasil. ISBN: 8598981176.

Houde, N. (2007) – The six faces of traditional ecological knowledge: challenges and opportunities for Canadian co-management arrangements. Ecology and Society (ISSN: 1708-3087), 12(2):art 34, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada. Disponível on-line em http://www.ecologyand society.org/vol12/iss2/art34/.

Houghton, J.T.; Meira Filho, L.G.; Callander B.A.; Harris N.; Kattenberg, A.; Maskell, K. (eds.) (1996) - The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 567 p., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. / New York, NY, U.S.A. ISBN: 978- 0521564366. Disponível on-line em https://www.ipcc.ch/ ipccreports/sar/wg_I/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf.

IPCC (2007) – Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. 104 p., IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN: 9291691224. Disponível on-line em http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publica tions_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_synthesis_report.htm.

Ishihara, H.; Pascual, U. (2008) – Social capital in community level environmental governance: A critique. Ecological Economics, 68(2009):1549–1562. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.11.003

Jodelet, D. (2006) – Place de l’expérience vécue dans le processus de formation des représentations sociales. In: V. Hass (ed.), Les savoirs du quotidien. Transmissions, Appropriations, Représentations, pp.235-255, Les Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, França. ISBN: 9782753503137. Disponível on-line em http://classiques.uqac.ca/
contemporains/jodelet_denise/place_ex perience_processus/
place_experience_processus.pdf.

Johnson, R.G.; McClure, B.T. (1976) – A model for Northern Hemisphere continental ice sheet variation. Quaternary Research, 6(3):325– 353. DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(67)90001-4.

Jonas, H. ([1979] 1984) - The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. 255 p., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA. ISBN: 0226405966.

Jones, A.; Panagos, P.; Barcelo, S.; Bouraoui, F.; Bosco, C.; Gardi, C.; Erhard, M.; Hervás, J.; Hiederer, R.; Jeffery, S.; Lükewille, A.; Marmo, L.; Montanarella, L.; Olazábal, C.; Petersen, J.E.; Penizek, V.; Strassburger, T; Tóth, G.; Eeckhaut, M.V.D.; Liederkerke, M.V.; Verheijen, F.; Viestova, E.; Yigini, Y. (2012) – The State of Soil in Europe. A Contribution of the JRC to the European Environment Agency’s Environment State and Outlook Report. 76p., Publications Office of the European Union, Luxemburg. ISBN: 978-9279228063. Disponível on-line em http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/jrc_reference_report_ 2012_02_soil.pdf

Kuhlbrodt, T.; Griesel, A.; Montoya, M.; Levermann, A.; Hofmann, M.; Rahmstorf, S. (2007) – On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Reviews of Geophysics, 45(2): 32p. DOI: 10.1029/2004RG000166.

Lahire, B. (2005) – Patrimónios Individuais e Disposições. Para uma Sociologia à Escala Individual. Revista Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas (ISSN: 0873-6529), 49:11-42, CIESCentro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia, Lisboa, Portugal. Disponível on-line em http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes. pt/pdf/spp/n49/n49a02.pdf.

Le Treut, H.; Somerville, R.; Cubasch, U.; Ding, Y.; Mauritzen, C.; Mokssit, A.; Peterson, T.; Prather, M. (2007) - Historical Overview of Climate Change Science. In: S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H.L. Miller (eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.93-127, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. / New York, NY, U.S.A. Disponível on-line em https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/
assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1- chapter1.pdf.

Lidskog, R. (2008) – Scientised citizens and democratised science. Re-assessing the expert-lay divide. Journal of Risk Research, 11(1–2):69–86. DOI: 10.1080/13669870701521636 Lourenço, O.M. (2002) – Desenvolvimento Sócio-Moral. 238 p., Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 9789726743736.

Lyons, T.W.; Reinhard, C.T.; Planavsky, N.J. (2014) – The rise of oxygen in Earth’s early ocean and atmosphere. Nature, 506:307–315. DOI: 10.1038/nature13068.

MA- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2003) – Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment. 266p., Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. ISBN: 1559634030. Disponível on-line em http://pdf.wri.org/ecosystems_human_wellbeing.pdf.

MA- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) – Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. 155 p., Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. ISBN: 1597260401. Disponível on-line em http://www.unep.org/maweb/
documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

Marshall, C.R. (2006) – Explaining the Cambrian “explosion” of animals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 34:355-384. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001.

Maruyamab, S.; Sawakia, Y.; Ebisuzakic, T.; Ikomad, M.; Omorie, S.; Komabayashia, T. (2014) – Initiation of leaking Earth: An ultimate trigger of the Cambrian explosion. Gondwana Research, 25(3):910-944. DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.03.012.

Mathews, F. (2005) – Ecologia profunda. In: D. Jamieson (coord.), Manual de Filosofia do Ambiente, 227-231, Instituto Piaget, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 9789727717729.

Melott, A.L.; Thomas, B. C.; Dreschhoff, G.; Johnson, C.K. (2010) – Cometary airbursts and atmospheric chemistry: Tunguska and a candidate Younger Dryas event. Geology, 38(4):355-358. DOI: 10.1130/G30508.1

Monteith, D.T.; Stoddard, J.L.; Evans, C.D.; Wit, H.A.; Forsius, M.; Høgåsen, T.; Wilander, A.; Skjelkvåle, B.L.; Jeffries, D.S.; Vuorenmaa, J.; Keller, B.; Kopácek, J.; Vesely, J. (2007) – Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry. Nature, 450:537-540. DOI: 10.1038/nature06316.

Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J.; Lunine, J. I.; Petit, J.M.; Robert, F.; Valsecchi, G.B.; Cyr, K.E. (2000) – Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 35(6):1309-1320. DOI: 10.1111/j.1945- 5100.2000.tb01518.x

Næss, A. (1986) – The Deep Ecological Movement: Some Philosofical Aspects. Philosophical Inquiry, 8(1/2):10–31. DOI: 10.5840/philinquiry198681/22.

Nisbet, E.G.; Sleep, N.H. (2001) - The habitat and nature of early life. Nature, 409:1083-1091. DOI: 10.1038/35059210.

Nutman, A.P., Mojzsis, S.J., Friend, C.R.L. (1997) – Recognition of ≥ 850 Ma water-lain sediments in West Greenland and their significance for the early Archean Earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(12):2575–2484. DOI: 10.1016/S0016- 7037(97)00097-5.

Paiva, A.M. (2008) – Estrela Sociológica: Um modelo viável para o capital social. 508p., Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, Portugal. Disponível on-line em https:// repositorioaberto.uab.pt/handle/10400.2/1435.

Paton, K.; Fairbairn-Dunlop, P. (2010) – Listening to local voices: Tuvaluans respond to climate change. Local Environment, 15(7):687–698. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2010.498809.

Pickett, S.T.A.; Ostefeld, R.S. (1995) – The shifting paradigm in ecology. In: R.L. Knight; S.F. Bates, (Eds.), A new century for natural resources management, 262-295, Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. ISBN: 1559632615.

Pinti, D.L. (2005) - The Origin and Evolution of the Oceans. In: M. Gargaud, B. Barbier, H. Martin & J. Reisse (eds.), Lectures in Astrobiology, 1:83-112, Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN: 978-3540262299. DOI: 10.1007/10913406_4.

Plano Nacional de Acção para as Energias Renováveis (s/d) – Plano Nacional de Acção para as Energias Renováveis ao Abrigo da Directiva 2009/28/CE. (De acordo com o modelo estabelecido pela Decisão da Comissão de 30.6.2009). 144p ., Disponível online em http://www.ebb-eu.org/legis/ActionPlanDirective2009 _28/national_renewable_energy_
action_plan_portugal_pt.pdf.

Putman, R.D. (1995) – Tuning In, Tuning Out: the strange disappearance of social capital. America. Political Science and Politics, 28(04):664-683. DOI: 10.2307/420517.

Ramanathan, V.; Crutzen, P.J.; Kiehl, J.T.; Rosenfeld D. (2001) – Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle. Science Review, 294(5549):2119-2124 DOI: 10.1007/10913406_4

Rosing, M.T.; Rose, N.M.; Bridgwater, D.; Thomsen, H.S. (1996) – Earliest part of Earth’s stratigraphic record: A reappraisal of the > 3.7 Ga Isua (Greenland) supracrustal sequence. Geology, 24(1):43–46. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0043: EPOESS>2.3.CO;2.

Rothschild, L.J.; Mancinelli, R.L. (2001) – Life in extreme environments. Nature, 409:1092-1101. DOI: 10.1038/35059215.

Santos, B.S. (1999) – Um Discurso sobre as Ciências. 62 p., Edições Afrontamento, Porto, Portugal. ISBN: 9789723601749.

Santos, B.S. (2005) – The Future of the World Social Forum: The work of Translation. Development, 48(2):15-22. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.development.1100131.

Santos, B.S.; Meneses, M.P.G.; Nunes, J.A. (2004) – Introdução: para ampliar o cânone da ciência: a diversidade epistemológica do mundo. In: B.S. Santos (org.), Semear outras Soluções – Os Caminhos da Biodiversidade e dos Conhecimentos Rivais, pp.19-101, Edições Afrontamento, Porto, Portugal. ISBN: 9789723607208.

Schidlowski, M. (1988) – A 3,800-million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature, 333:313-318. DOI: 10.1038/333313a0.

Schopf, J.W. (2006) – Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences), 361(1470):869-885. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834

Schopf, J.W.; Kudryavtsev, A.B.; Czaja, A.D., Tripathi, A.B. (2007) - Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research, 158(3-4):141–155. DOI: 10.1016/ j.precamres.2007.04.009.

Sellers, P.J.; Dickinson, R.E.; Randall, D.A.; Betts, A.K.; Hall, F.G.; Berry, J.A.; Collatz, G.J.; Denning, A.S.; Mooney, H.A.; Nobre, C.A.; Sato, N.; Field, C.B.; Henderson-Sellers, A. (1997) –

Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere. Science, 275(5299): 502-509. DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5299.502.

Shields-Zhou, G.; Och, L. (2010) – The case for a Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event: Geochemical evidence and biological consequences. GSA Today, 21(3):4-11. DOI: 10.1130/ GSATG102A.1.

Shrader-Frechette, K. (2005) – Ecologia. In: D. Jamieson (coord.), Manual de Filosofia do Ambiente, 313-324, Instituto Piaget, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 978-9727717729.

Shue, H. (2005) – Clima. In: D. Jamieson (coord.), Manual de Filosofia do Ambiente, 459-469, Instituto Piaget, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 978-9727717729.

Silva, L.F.; Alves, F. (2011) – Compreender as racionalidades leigas sobre saúde e doença. Physis Revista de Saúde Coletiva (ISSN: 0103-7331), 21(4):1207-1229, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University (IMS-UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Disponível on-line em http://www.scielo.br/pdf/physis/ v21n4/a02v21n4.pdf.

Stocker, T.F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; Allen, S.K.; Boschung, J.; Nauels, A.; Xia, Y.; Bex, V.; Midgley, P.M. (eds.) (2013) - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 27 p., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. / New York, NY, U.S.A. Disponível on-line em http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/docs/WGIAR5_SPM_brochu re_en.pdf.

UN-DESA (1992) – Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Annex I. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) Disponível on-line em http://www.un.org/documents/ ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm.

UN-DESA (2012) – Back to Our Common Future- Sustainable Development in the 21st century (SD21) Project- Summary for policymakers. 44 p., Disponível on-line em http://sustainable development.un.org/content/documents/UN-DESA_Back_Com mon_Future_En.pdf.

UN-FCCC (1998) – Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 21 p. Disponível on-line em http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf. Ward, P.; Labandeira, C.; Laurin, M.; Berner, R.A. (2006) – Confirmation of Romer’s Gap as a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization. PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(45):16818- 16822. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607824103.

Watanabe, Y.; Martini, J.E.J.; Ohmoto, H. (2000) – Geochemical evidence for terrestrial ecosystems 2.6 billion years ago. Nature, 408:574-578. DOI: 10.1038/35046052.

Weber, M. (2014) – Conceitos Sociológicos Fundamentais, 88p, Edições 70, Lisboa, Portugal. ISBN: 9789724415598

 

em construção