Volume 14, Issue 4 - December 2014
|
|
- Abstract / Resumo
- References / Bibliografia
- Citations / Citações
Revista de Gestão Costeira
Integrada
Volume
14, Número 4, Dezembro 2014, Páginas 597-609
DOI: 10.5894/rgci506
* Submission: 21 APR 2014; Peer review: 27 MAY 2014; Revised: 18 JUN
2014; Accepted: 6 AUG 2014; Available on-line: 25 SEP 2014
Supporting Information (151KB, PDF)
Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton as
indicator of eutrophication status in the Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba *
Angel Moreira @, a, Mabel Seisdedo a, Alain Muñoz a, Augusto Comas a, Carlos Alonso a
@ - Corresponding author:
<[email protected]>
a - Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC),
Ministerio de
Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA). Carretera a Castillo de
Jagua, Km 1!, AP. 5, CP. 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
ABSTRACT
An important consequence of eutrophication is the increased prevalence of harmful algal blooms that affect transitional and coastal waters, and ecosystems in open seas. In this work, data on phytoplankton biomass, presence of harmful/toxic algal blooms and bottom dissolved oxygen were analyzed as indicators of overall eutrophic condition in the Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Samples were collected every three months during the year 2009 at fifteen representative stations within the bay. In the dry and early rainy seasons, high chlorophyll a values, harmful/toxic dinoflagellate blooms and fish mortality episodes were encountered within riverine-urban wastewater discharge zones, whilst most part of the bay did not evidence symptoms of eutrophication. During the rainy season, some stations showed biological stress-hypoxia for the bottom water oxygen, and a strong increase in spatial dispersion was observed in the phytoplankton biomass, due to a substantial increment in not toxic diatom abundance, resulting in a moderate level of eutrophic conditions for chlorophyll a in the entire bay. The key factor that supports the seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition and abundance appears to be the water residence time inside the bay.
Keywords: Cienfuegos Bay, chlorophyll a, ecological quality, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms
Distribuição espacial e sazonal do fitoplâncton como indicador do estado de eutrofização na Baía de Cienfuegos, Cuba
RESUMO
Uma importante consequência da eutrofização é o incremento e persistência das florações algais nocivas que afetam as águas de transição e costeiras, e ecossistemas em mar aberto. Neste trabalho, dados sobre a biomassa do fitoplâncton, presença de florações algais nocivas/tóxicas e oxigénio dissolvido no fundo foram analisados como indicadores da condição eutrófica geral na Baía de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Foram recolhidas amostras a cada três meses durante o ano de 2009 em quinze locais representativas dentro da baía. Nas estações da seca e do começo do período chuvoso, altos valores de clorofila a, florações algais nocivas/tóxicas e episódios de mortandades de peixes foram encontrados dentro de zonas de descargas de rios e de resíduos urbanos, enquanto a maior parte da baía não evidenciou sintomas de eutrofização. Durante o período chuvoso, alguns locais mostraram estresse biológico-hypoxia para o oxigénio dissolvido no fundo e um forte incremento na dispersão espacial foi observado na biomassa do fitoplâncton devido a um incremento substancial na abundancia de diatomáceas não tóxicas, resultando num nível moderado de eutrofização para a clorofila a em toda a baía. O fator chave que suporta a variação sazonal na composição e abundância do fitoplâncton parece ser o tempo de residência da água dentro da baía.
Palavras-chave: Baía de Cienfuegos, clorofila a, eutrofização, florações algais nocivas, qualidade ecológica
Aguilar, C.;
González-Sansón, G.;
Guevara, E.; Bosch, A. (1992) ! Estructura de las comunidades de peces
en la Bahía de Cienfuegos y la Laguna Guanaroca, Cuba. Revista de
Investigaciones Marinas (ISSN: 0252-1962), 13(3):222–232, Centro de
Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba.
Alonso-Hernández, C.M; Díaz-Asencio, M.; Muñoz-Caravaca, A.; Delfanti, R.; Papucci,C.; Ferretti, O.; Crovato, C. (2006) ! Recent changes in sedimentation regime in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, as inferred from 210Pb and 137Cs vertical profiles. Continental Shelf Research, 26(2):153–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2005.08.026.
Alonso-Hernández, C.M; Gómez-Batista, M.; Cattini, C.; Villeneuve. J.P.; Oh, J. (2012) ! Organochlorine pesticides in green mussel, Perna viridis, from the Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89(5):995-999. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0835-0.
Álvarez-Góngora, C.; Herrera-Silveira, J.A. (2006) ! Variations of phytoplankton community structure related to water quality trends in a tropical karstic coastal zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52(1):48–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.006.
Armenteros, M.; Ruiz-Abierno, A.; Fernández-Garcés, R.; Pérez- García, J.A.; Díaz-Asencio, L.; Vincx, M.; Decraemer, W. (2009) ! Biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in a tropical bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85(2):179–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.08.002.
Barcia, S.; Orbe, G.; Regueira, V.; Sánchez, R.; Núñez, E.; Rodríguez, C.; Hernández, A.L.; Angulo, R.; Ceballo, R.; Millán, J. (2009) ! Guía Climática de la Provincia Cienfuegos. 58p., Centro Meteorológico Provincial de Cienfuegos, INSMET, Cienfuegos, Cuba. Unpublished.
Borja, A.; Bricker, S.B.; Dauer, D.M.; Demetriades, N.T.; Ferreira, J.G.; Forbes, A.T.; Hutchings, P.; Jia, X.; Kenchington, R.; Marques, J.C.; Zhu, C.B. (2008) ! Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(9):1519-1537. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.005.
Bricker, S.B.; Ferreira, J.G.; Simas, T. (2003) ! An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecological Modelling, 169(1):39-60. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00199-6.
Cembella, A.D.; Ibarra, D.A; Diogene, J; Dahl, E. (2005) ! Harmful algal blooms and their assessment in fjords and coastal embayments. Oceanography,18 (2):158 -171. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2005.51.
Chang, I.; Rojas, L.; Franco, J.; La Barbera-Sánchez, A. (2006) ! Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profiles in green mussels from Trinidad and Venezuela. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(1):88–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.11.006.
Dias, J.A.; Freire, P.; Freitas, C.; Klein, C.; Silva, P. (2011) ! The importance of estuarine and coastal morphodynamics in littoral management. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11(3):271-272. DOI: 10.5894/rgci304.
Ferreira, J.G.; Andersen, J.H.; Borja, A.; Bricker, S.B.; Camp, J; Silva, M.C.; Garcés, E.; Heiskanen, A.S.; Humborg, C.; Ignatiades, L.; Lancelot, C.; Menesguen, A.; Tett, P.; Hoepffnerm, N.; Claussen, U. (2011) ! Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 93(2):117-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.03.014.
Ferreira, J.G.; Bricker, S.B.; Simas, T.C. (2007) ! Application and sensitivity testing of an eutrophication assessment method on coastal systems in the United States and European Union. Journal of Environmental Management, 82(4):433-445. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.01.003.
Ferreira, J.G.; Wolff, W.J.; Simas, T.C.; Bricker, S.B. (2005) ! Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology?. Ecological Modelling, 187(4):513–523. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.013.
GEOHAB (2006) ! Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms. HAB in Eutrophic Systems. P. Glibert (ed.). IOC and SCOR, Paris and Baltimore, 74p. Available on-line at http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Other/FINAL_GEOHAB_Eutro _corrected.pdf
Glibert, P.M.; Magnien, R.; Lomas, M.W.; Alexander, J.; Fan, C.; Haramoto, E.; Trice, M.; Kana, T.M. (2001) ! Harmful algal blooms in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA: Comparison of 1997, 1998, and 1999 events. Estuaries, 24(6):875- 883. DOI: 10.2307/1353178.
Glibert, P.M.; Seitzinger, S.; Heil, C.A.; Burkholder, J.M.; Parrow, M.W.; Codispoti, L.A.; Kelly, V. (2005) ! The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms. Oceanography, 18(2):198-209. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2005.54.
Grasshoff, K.; Ehrhardt, M.; Kremling, K. (1983) ! Methods of seawater analysis, 2nd edn. VerlagChemie, Weinheim, Germany. ISBN: 3527259988.
Hallegraeff, G.M.; Anderson, D.M.; Cembella, A.D. (2003) ! Manual on harmful marine microalgae. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11. UNESCO Publishing: Paris, 793 pp. ISBN: 9231038710.
Helguera, Y.; Díaz-Asencio, L.; Fernández-Garcés, R.; Gómez- Batista, M.; Guillén, A.; Díaz-Asencio, M.; Armenteros, M. (2011) ! Distribution patterns of macrofaunalpolychaete assemblages in a polluted semi-enclosed bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea. Marine Biology Research, 7(8):757-768. DOI: 10.1080/17451000. 2011.569552.
Kudela, R.M.; Gobler, C.J. (2012) ! Harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by Cochlodinium sp.: Global expansion and ecological strategies facilitating bloom formation. Harmful Algae,14:71–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.015.
Loza, S.; Moreira, A.; Comas, A.; Sánchez, M.; Carmenate, M.; Álamo, B.; Dobal, V.; Montalvo, J.; García, I.; Lorenzo, S.; Arriaza, L.; Hernández, M.; Montesinos, D.; Gutierréz, J.; M. Alcolado, P. (2013) ! A Phaeocystis bloom in Cuban Archipelago. Harmful Algae News (ISSN: 0020-7918), 47:20-21, UNESCO, Paris, France. Available on-line at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 237080347_A_Phaeocystis_bloom_in_the_Cuban_Archipelago
Millero, F.J. (2006) ! Chemical Oceanography, 3rd ed., 496p., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0849322808.
Moreira, A.; Armenteros, M.; Gómez, M.; León, A.R.; Cabrera, R.; Castellanos, M.E.; Muñoz, A.; Suárez, A.M. (2006) ! Variation of macroalgae biomass in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas. (ISSN: 1991-6089), 27(1):3-12, Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba. Available on-line at http://www.cim.uh.cu/rim/OldSite/
2006/1.html.
Moreira, A., Seisdedo, M.; Leal, S.; Comas, A.; Delgado, G.; Regadera, R.; Alonso, C.; Muñoz, A.; Abatte, M. (2007) ! Composición y abundancia del fitoplancton de la bahía de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas (ISSN: 1991- 6089), 28(2):97-109, Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba. Available on-line at http://www.cim.uh.cu/rim/pdf/2007/2/2007-097.pdf.
Muñoz-Caravaca, A.; Doulliet, P.; Díaz-García, O.; Fichez, R.; Herrera, R.H.; Alcántara-Carrió, J.; García-Rodriguez, A. (2012) ! Flushing time in the Cienfuegos Bay. Natural Resource Modeling, 25(3):434-455. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2012.00126.x.
NOAA (1985) ! National estuarine inventory: Data atlas, vol.1: Physical and hydrologic characteristics. 103p., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Strategic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, Rockville, MD, U.S.A.
Reyes, T. (2008) ! Niveles de eutrofización en las bahías de La Habana, Mariel, Matanzas, Cárdenas y Puerto Padre, Cuba. Dissertation of Bachelor, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba. Unpublished.
Seisdedo, M.; Muñoz, A. (2005) ! Efecto de las precipitaciones en la calidad de las aguas de la bahía de Cienfuegos. Revista Cubana de Meteorología (ISSN: 0864-151X), 12(2):64–67, Habana, Cuba.
Seisdedo, M.; Arencibia, G. (2010) ! Estimación de carga contaminante de nutrientes en la bahía de Cienfuegos. Transporte, Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente (ISSN: 0864-151X), 30(64):33–37, La Habana, Cuba.
Smayda, T.J. (1997) ! Harmful algal blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(5 pt 2): 1137-1153. DOI: 10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1137
Tomas, C. R. (1997) ! Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. 858p., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. ISBN:978-0126930184.
Troccoli, G.L.; Herrera-Silveira, J.A.; Comín, F.A. (2004) ! Structural variations of phytoplankton in the coastal seas of Yucatan, Mexico. Hydrobiologia, 519(1-3):85–102. DOI: 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000026487.78497.b6.
UNEP (1988) ! Standard chemical methods for marine environmental monitoring (Número 50 de Regional seas: Reference methods for marine pollution studies). 50p., United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, International Atomic Energy Agency, Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme Activity Centre.
Utermöhl, H. (1958) ! Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt. Int. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 9:1-38. Available on-line at http://www. schweizerbart.de/pubs/series/verhandlungen-ivl.167.html
Xiao, Y.; Ferreira, J.G.; Bricker, S.B.; Nunes, J.P.; Zhu, M.; Zhang, X. (2007) ! Trophic assessment in Chinese coastal systems - Review of methodologies and application to the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary and Jiaozhou Bay. Estuaries and Coasts, 30(6):1- 18. DOI: 10.1007/BF02841384
Zar, J. (2009) ! Biostatistical analysis. 5th ed., 960p., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0131008465.
Alonso-Hernández, C.M; Díaz-Asencio, M.; Muñoz-Caravaca, A.; Delfanti, R.; Papucci,C.; Ferretti, O.; Crovato, C. (2006) ! Recent changes in sedimentation regime in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, as inferred from 210Pb and 137Cs vertical profiles. Continental Shelf Research, 26(2):153–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2005.08.026.
Alonso-Hernández, C.M; Gómez-Batista, M.; Cattini, C.; Villeneuve. J.P.; Oh, J. (2012) ! Organochlorine pesticides in green mussel, Perna viridis, from the Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89(5):995-999. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0835-0.
Álvarez-Góngora, C.; Herrera-Silveira, J.A. (2006) ! Variations of phytoplankton community structure related to water quality trends in a tropical karstic coastal zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52(1):48–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.006.
Armenteros, M.; Ruiz-Abierno, A.; Fernández-Garcés, R.; Pérez- García, J.A.; Díaz-Asencio, L.; Vincx, M.; Decraemer, W. (2009) ! Biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in a tropical bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85(2):179–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.08.002.
Barcia, S.; Orbe, G.; Regueira, V.; Sánchez, R.; Núñez, E.; Rodríguez, C.; Hernández, A.L.; Angulo, R.; Ceballo, R.; Millán, J. (2009) ! Guía Climática de la Provincia Cienfuegos. 58p., Centro Meteorológico Provincial de Cienfuegos, INSMET, Cienfuegos, Cuba. Unpublished.
Borja, A.; Bricker, S.B.; Dauer, D.M.; Demetriades, N.T.; Ferreira, J.G.; Forbes, A.T.; Hutchings, P.; Jia, X.; Kenchington, R.; Marques, J.C.; Zhu, C.B. (2008) ! Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(9):1519-1537. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.005.
Bricker, S.B.; Ferreira, J.G.; Simas, T. (2003) ! An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecological Modelling, 169(1):39-60. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00199-6.
Cembella, A.D.; Ibarra, D.A; Diogene, J; Dahl, E. (2005) ! Harmful algal blooms and their assessment in fjords and coastal embayments. Oceanography,18 (2):158 -171. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2005.51.
Chang, I.; Rojas, L.; Franco, J.; La Barbera-Sánchez, A. (2006) ! Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profiles in green mussels from Trinidad and Venezuela. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(1):88–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.11.006.
Dias, J.A.; Freire, P.; Freitas, C.; Klein, C.; Silva, P. (2011) ! The importance of estuarine and coastal morphodynamics in littoral management. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 11(3):271-272. DOI: 10.5894/rgci304.
Ferreira, J.G.; Andersen, J.H.; Borja, A.; Bricker, S.B.; Camp, J; Silva, M.C.; Garcés, E.; Heiskanen, A.S.; Humborg, C.; Ignatiades, L.; Lancelot, C.; Menesguen, A.; Tett, P.; Hoepffnerm, N.; Claussen, U. (2011) ! Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 93(2):117-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.03.014.
Ferreira, J.G.; Bricker, S.B.; Simas, T.C. (2007) ! Application and sensitivity testing of an eutrophication assessment method on coastal systems in the United States and European Union. Journal of Environmental Management, 82(4):433-445. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.01.003.
Ferreira, J.G.; Wolff, W.J.; Simas, T.C.; Bricker, S.B. (2005) ! Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology?. Ecological Modelling, 187(4):513–523. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.013.
GEOHAB (2006) ! Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms. HAB in Eutrophic Systems. P. Glibert (ed.). IOC and SCOR, Paris and Baltimore, 74p. Available on-line at http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Other/FINAL_GEOHAB_Eutro _corrected.pdf
Glibert, P.M.; Magnien, R.; Lomas, M.W.; Alexander, J.; Fan, C.; Haramoto, E.; Trice, M.; Kana, T.M. (2001) ! Harmful algal blooms in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA: Comparison of 1997, 1998, and 1999 events. Estuaries, 24(6):875- 883. DOI: 10.2307/1353178.
Glibert, P.M.; Seitzinger, S.; Heil, C.A.; Burkholder, J.M.; Parrow, M.W.; Codispoti, L.A.; Kelly, V. (2005) ! The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms. Oceanography, 18(2):198-209. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2005.54.
Grasshoff, K.; Ehrhardt, M.; Kremling, K. (1983) ! Methods of seawater analysis, 2nd edn. VerlagChemie, Weinheim, Germany. ISBN: 3527259988.
Hallegraeff, G.M.; Anderson, D.M.; Cembella, A.D. (2003) ! Manual on harmful marine microalgae. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, 11. UNESCO Publishing: Paris, 793 pp. ISBN: 9231038710.
Helguera, Y.; Díaz-Asencio, L.; Fernández-Garcés, R.; Gómez- Batista, M.; Guillén, A.; Díaz-Asencio, M.; Armenteros, M. (2011) ! Distribution patterns of macrofaunalpolychaete assemblages in a polluted semi-enclosed bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea. Marine Biology Research, 7(8):757-768. DOI: 10.1080/17451000. 2011.569552.
Kudela, R.M.; Gobler, C.J. (2012) ! Harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by Cochlodinium sp.: Global expansion and ecological strategies facilitating bloom formation. Harmful Algae,14:71–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.015.
Loza, S.; Moreira, A.; Comas, A.; Sánchez, M.; Carmenate, M.; Álamo, B.; Dobal, V.; Montalvo, J.; García, I.; Lorenzo, S.; Arriaza, L.; Hernández, M.; Montesinos, D.; Gutierréz, J.; M. Alcolado, P. (2013) ! A Phaeocystis bloom in Cuban Archipelago. Harmful Algae News (ISSN: 0020-7918), 47:20-21, UNESCO, Paris, France. Available on-line at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 237080347_A_Phaeocystis_bloom_in_the_Cuban_Archipelago
Millero, F.J. (2006) ! Chemical Oceanography, 3rd ed., 496p., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0849322808.
Moreira, A.; Armenteros, M.; Gómez, M.; León, A.R.; Cabrera, R.; Castellanos, M.E.; Muñoz, A.; Suárez, A.M. (2006) ! Variation of macroalgae biomass in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas. (ISSN: 1991-6089), 27(1):3-12, Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba. Available on-line at http://www.cim.uh.cu/rim/OldSite/
2006/1.html.
Moreira, A., Seisdedo, M.; Leal, S.; Comas, A.; Delgado, G.; Regadera, R.; Alonso, C.; Muñoz, A.; Abatte, M. (2007) ! Composición y abundancia del fitoplancton de la bahía de Cienfuegos, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas (ISSN: 1991- 6089), 28(2):97-109, Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba. Available on-line at http://www.cim.uh.cu/rim/pdf/2007/2/2007-097.pdf.
Muñoz-Caravaca, A.; Doulliet, P.; Díaz-García, O.; Fichez, R.; Herrera, R.H.; Alcántara-Carrió, J.; García-Rodriguez, A. (2012) ! Flushing time in the Cienfuegos Bay. Natural Resource Modeling, 25(3):434-455. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2012.00126.x.
NOAA (1985) ! National estuarine inventory: Data atlas, vol.1: Physical and hydrologic characteristics. 103p., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Strategic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, Rockville, MD, U.S.A.
Reyes, T. (2008) ! Niveles de eutrofización en las bahías de La Habana, Mariel, Matanzas, Cárdenas y Puerto Padre, Cuba. Dissertation of Bachelor, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba. Unpublished.
Seisdedo, M.; Muñoz, A. (2005) ! Efecto de las precipitaciones en la calidad de las aguas de la bahía de Cienfuegos. Revista Cubana de Meteorología (ISSN: 0864-151X), 12(2):64–67, Habana, Cuba.
Seisdedo, M.; Arencibia, G. (2010) ! Estimación de carga contaminante de nutrientes en la bahía de Cienfuegos. Transporte, Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente (ISSN: 0864-151X), 30(64):33–37, La Habana, Cuba.
Smayda, T.J. (1997) ! Harmful algal blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(5 pt 2): 1137-1153. DOI: 10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1137
Tomas, C. R. (1997) ! Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. 858p., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. ISBN:978-0126930184.
Troccoli, G.L.; Herrera-Silveira, J.A.; Comín, F.A. (2004) ! Structural variations of phytoplankton in the coastal seas of Yucatan, Mexico. Hydrobiologia, 519(1-3):85–102. DOI: 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000026487.78497.b6.
UNEP (1988) ! Standard chemical methods for marine environmental monitoring (Número 50 de Regional seas: Reference methods for marine pollution studies). 50p., United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, International Atomic Energy Agency, Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme Activity Centre.
Utermöhl, H. (1958) ! Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt. Int. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 9:1-38. Available on-line at http://www. schweizerbart.de/pubs/series/verhandlungen-ivl.167.html
Xiao, Y.; Ferreira, J.G.; Bricker, S.B.; Nunes, J.P.; Zhu, M.; Zhang, X. (2007) ! Trophic assessment in Chinese coastal systems - Review of methodologies and application to the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary and Jiaozhou Bay. Estuaries and Coasts, 30(6):1- 18. DOI: 10.1007/BF02841384
Zar, J. (2009) ! Biostatistical analysis. 5th ed., 960p., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0131008465.
em construção