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Volume 15, Issue 1 - March 2015

 

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Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 15, Número 1, Março 2015, Páginas 91-107

DOI: 10.5894/rgci555
* Submission: 16 SEP 2014; Peer review: 16 OCT 2014; Revised: 17 NOV 2014; Accepted: 23 NOV 2014; Available on-line: 25 NOV 2014 


Addressing climate extremes in Coastal Management: The case of the Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata System*

José E. Verocai @, a, b, Monica Gómez-Erache a, c, Gustavo J. Nagy a, Mario Bidegain c, d


@ - Corresponding author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
a - Universidad de la República, Grupo de Cambio Ambiental y Gestión Costero Marina, Oceanografía y Ecología Marina, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Montevideo, Uruguay. e-mails: Verocai <[email protected]>; Nagy <[email protected]>; Gómez-Erache <[email protected]>
b - Armada Nacional, Servicio de Oceanografía, Hidrografía y Meteorología (SOHMA), Departamento de Oceanografía, Montevideo, Uruguay
c - GEF Project “Implementing Pilot Adaptation Measures in Coastal Areas of Uruguay”
d - Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET), Montevideo, Uruguay. e-mail: Bidegain: <[email protected]>   


ABSTRACT
This paper deals with current storm surges (extremes) in the Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata system (Argentina-Uruguay), a large (38,000 km2) microtidal (<0.5 m) river estuary. Extremes are associated with two synoptic situations able to increase water level above mean sea level (MSL) at Montevideo (≥102 cm): the passage of cold fronts and extra-tropical cyclones over Atlantic coast. The assessment of coastal hazards and the reduction of the associated risks can be embedded within Coastal Management (ICZM). Infrastructure frequently does not comply with the legal 250 m setback. Thus, possible impacts due to inundation and flooding related to sea-level rise (SLR) and extremes respectively are high. Also, rapid-onset high river inflow often associated with El Niño events, are relevant due to the positive water level anomaly (> 10 cm) related to them. The existence of differences in the monthly distribution of both MSL and extremes occurrence suggest that both wind climate and river inflow (QRP) explain them. The most severe extremes (≥ 350 cm) at Montevideo have occurred before 1935. The frequency of events ≥200, 250 and 280 cm has slightly increased over 2003-2012, which is not attributed neither to SLR nor to increased inflow, but to wind regime changes. Two extreme events (March 1998 and August 2005) are presented which serve to enhance our understanding of the causality and timing of extremes and as analogues to developing scenarios under a changing climate. Some impacts are as follows: coastal stormwater and sewage systems become useless affecting beach quality, artisanal fisheries income is reduced, and sandy beaches and bars are eroded. Among the several obstacles to achieving a comprehensive ICZM in regards to extreme events is the lack of an effective monitoring network. This paper aims to increase awareness, research and application of the knowledge of extreme events on ICZM and risk-management in the face of SLR and flooding. 

Keywords:
 water level, storm surges, river flow, climate adaptation, ENSO, Montevideo.  

Sobre extremos climáticos em gestão costeira: o caso do sistema de Rio de la Plata na costa do Uruguai

RESUMO
Neste artigo analisam-se os extremos de maré meteorológica (elevação do nível do mar de índole meteorológica) na costa uruguaia do sistema de Rio de la Plata (Argentina-Uruguai), um grande (38.000 km2) corpo estuarino com características de micro-maré (<0,5 m). Os extremos estão associados a duas situações sinóticas capazes de aumentar o nível de água acima do nível médio do mar (MSL) em Montevidéu (≥102 cm): a passagem de frentes frias e de ciclones extra-tropicais sobre a costa atlântica. A avaliação de riscos costeiros e da redução dos riscos associados a tais eventos pode ser incorporado dentro de Gerenciamento Costeiro (GIZC). Com frequência, as infra-estruturas não cumprem os 250 m legais de afastamento da linha de costa. Assim, os possíveis impactos devidos a inundações relacionadas com a subida do nível do mar (SLR) e com extremos da maré meteorológica têm elevada magnitude. Além disso, há que ter em consideração as cheias fluviais relacionadas com eventos de El Niño, pois que provocam também anomalias positivas do nível de água (> 10 cm). A existência de diferenças na distribuição mensal de ambos (MSL e ocorrência de extremos de maré meteorológica) permite deduzir que tanto o vento como os fluxos fluviais (QRP) permitem explicá-las. Os maiores extremos (≥ 350 centímetros) registrados em Montevideo ocorreram antes de 1935. A freqüência de eventos ≥200, 250 e 280 centímetros aumentou ligeiramente no período 2003-2012, o que não é atribuído ao SLR nem ao aumento de fluxos fluviais, mas sim a mudanças no regime de ventos. São apresentados dois eventos extremos (Março de 1998 e Agosto de 2005) que servem para melhorar a nossa compreensão da causalidade e da temporização dos eventos extremos, constituindo bons análogos para o desenvolvimento de cenários num clima em mudança. Alguns impactos são os seguintes: sistemas costeiros de águas pluviais e de esgotos tornam-se inúteis, o que afeta a qualidade das praias, redução da pesca artesanal, e erosão das praias e bares. Entre os vários obstáculos para alcançar uma GIZC abrangente no que diz respeito a eventos extremos é a ausência de uma rede de monitoramento eficaz. Este trabalho tem como objetivo aumentar a conscientização, pesquisa e aplicação do conhecimento de eventos extremos na GIZC e da gestão de riscos perante as inundações e o aumento do nível médio do mar (SLR). 

Palavras-chave: nível da água, mare meteorological, fluxo fluvial, adaptação ao clima, ENSO, Montevideo.

 

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