Volume 16, Issue 1 - March 2016
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- Abstract / Resumo
- References / Bibliografia
- Citations / Citações
Revista de
Gestão Costeira
Integrada
Volume 16, Número 1, Março 2016, Páginas 21-33
DOI: 10.5894/rgci616
* Submission: 1 AUG 2015; Peer review: 3 OCT 2015; Revised: 28
JAN 2016; Accepted: 30 JAN 2016; Available on-line: 1 FEB 2016
An attempt to assess horizontal and vertical integration of the
Italian coastal governance at national and regional scales *
Simone Martino @, a
@ - Corresponding author to whom correspondence
should be addressed.
a - University of Tuscia, Department of Ecology and Biology, Viterbo,
Italy. e-mail: <[email protected]>.
ABSTRACT
This paper assesses the level of achievement of horizontal and vertical coordination needed to facilitate the governance of the Italian coast at national and regional scales. A questionnaire survey envisions a sectoral management of the coast and the lack of a uniform national strategy, even though a more integrated picture is found at regional scale. However, horizontal and vertical coordination is quite inhomogeneous between Regions, and different are the mechanisms put in place to accomplish it.
Overall, it emerges a greater difficulty in coordinating policies at horizontal scale (i.e. same level of government) rather than at vertical level (different scales of government). To overcome the limited horizontal cooperation, some Regions have developed institutions based on an inter-sectoral coordinating committee or an advisory body. Others opted for an internal proactive collaboration that may resolve conflicting interests between General Directorates, without the mediation of any third party (advisory board). From the questionnaire survey emerges that several Regions have promoted pilot site projects to address specific sectoral issues, but only Emilia-Romagna has developed an integrated plan for the coastline to achieve integration across sectors.
In addition, Emilia-Romagna and Toscana Regions have been promoting a bottom-up participatory vision for the coastal governance through forums or other discursive platforms to facilitate local participation. These Regions are also extending coastal management into the maritime spatial planning, a strategy recognised by the European Commission as the best compelling way to facilitate sectoral and institutional coordination and fully implement ICZM in Europe.
Keywords: horizontal and vertical integration; ICZM policy process assessment; national and regional coastal management;
Italy.
Uma tentativa de avaliar a integração horizontal e vertical da governança costeira italiana em escalas nacionais e regionais
RESUMOEste trabalho avalia o nível de realização de coordenação horizontal e vertical necessária para facilitar a governança da costa italiana em escalas nacionais e regionais. Através de um inquérito concluiu-se que existe uma gestão sectorial da costa e a ausência de uma estratégia nacional uniforme, apesar da existência de um quadro mais integrado à escala regional. No entanto, a coordenação horizontal e vertical não é homogénea entre as regiões, tendo sido criados diferentes mecanismos para a realizar. No geral, existe maior dificuldade na coordenação de políticas à escala horizontal (ou seja, mesmo nível de governança), do que ao nível vertical (diferentes escalas de governança). Para superar a limitada cooperação horizontal, algumas regiões têm desenvolvido instituições baseadas num comité de coordenação inter-sectorial ou de um órgão consultivo. Outras optaram por uma colaboração pró-ativa interna que pode resolver conflitos de interesses entre Direcções-Gerais, sem a mediação de terceiros (conselho consultivo). O questionário permitiu verificar que diversas regiões promoveram projectos-piloto locais para tratar de questões sectoriais específicas, mas apenas Emilia-Romagna desenvolveu um plano integrado para o litoral como forma de alcançar a integração entre os setores. Além disso, as regiões de Emilia-Romagna e da Toscania têm vindo a promover uma visão participativa de baixo para cima na governança costeira através de fóruns ou outras plataformas discursivas para facilitar a participação local. Estas regiões também estão estendendo a gestão costeira para o ordenamento do espaço marítimo, estratégia esta reconhecida pela Comissão Europeia como a forma mais convincente de facilitar a coordenação setorial e institucional e implementar integralmente a gestão integrada das zonas costeiras da Europa.
Palavras-chave: a integração horizontal e vertical; avaliação do processo da política de ICZM; gestão costeira nacional e
regional; Itália.
Ballinger, C.R. (1999) - The evolving
organisational framework for
integrated coastal management in England and Wales. Marine Policy, 23(4-5):501-523. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-597X(98)00054-2
Ballinger, R.; Pickaver, A.; Lymbery, G.: Ferreria, M. (2010) - An evaluation of the implementation of the European ICZM principles. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(12):738-749.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.013
Boelaert–Suominen, S.; Cullinan, C. (1994) - Legal and institutional
aspect of integrated coastal area management in national legislation,
124p., FAO.
Born S.M.; Miller A.H. (1988) - Assessing networked coastal zone
management programs, Coastal Management, 16: 229-243.
DOI: 10.1080/08920758809362060
Caravita, B. (2000) - Diritto pubblico dell’ambiente, seconda edizione,
Il Mulino, Bologna.
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CEC (2000) - Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on integrated coastal zone management:
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management, 543p., Island Press, Washington, U.S.A.
ISBN: 9781559636049.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0308-597X(96)00035-8
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Gusmerotti, N.M.; Marino, D.; Testa, F. (2013) - Environmental policy tools to improve the management of marine and coastal zones in Italy: the self-financing instruments. In: E. Creighton & P. Danovich, Environmental Policy: Management, Legal Issues and Health Aspects, Nova Science Publishers, New York, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1628084979.
Henoque, Y. (2003) - Development of process indicators for coastal
zone management assessment in France. Ocean & Coastal Management, 46: 363-379. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00013-9
Hunphrey, S.; Burbridge, P. (1999) - Planning and management
process: sectoral and territorial cooperation. Available at
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/iczm/themd_rp.pdf.
Inder, A. (1996) - Partnership in planning and management of the
Solent. In: J. Taussik & Mitchell J., (org.), Partnership in the coastal zone Management. Cardigan Samara Publishing limited.
Jones, S. (1996) - A comparative analysis of coastal zone management
plans in England and The Netherlands- In: Jones, Healy & Williams (org.), Studies in European coastal management, pp. 143-154, Samara Publishing Limited, Cardigan, U.K. ISBN: 978-1873692073
Kennedy, K.H. (1995) - Producing management plans for majors
estuaries - the need for a systematic approach: a case study of the Thames estuary. In: Healy and Doody (org.), Directions in European coastal Management, pp. 451-459, Samara publishing Limited, Cardigan, U.K. ISBN: 978-1873692066.
Knecht, R.; Cicin-Sain, B.; Fisk, W.G. (1996) - Perception of the performance of state coastal zone management programs in the United States. Coastal Management, 24:141-163.
DOI:10.1080/08920759709362325
Koutrakis, E.T.; Sapounidis, A.; Marzetti, S.; Giuliani, G.; Cerfolli, F.; Nascetti, G.; Martino, S.; Fabiano, M.; Marin, V.; Paoli, C.; Vassallo, P.; Roccatagliata, E.; Salmona, P.; Rey-Valette, H.; Roussel, S.; Carnus, F.; Bellet, F.; Povh, D., Malvarez, C.G. (2008) - Le Sous-projet ICZM-MED - Actions concertées, outils et critères pour la mise en oeuvre de la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) Méditerranéennes. In: BEACHMED-e (org.) - La gestion stratégique de la défense des littoraux pour un développement soutenable des zones côtières de la Méditerranée, 159p., GIER Graphic srl, Rome, Italy
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DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2010.487148
Koutrakis, E.T.; Sapounidis, A.; Marzetti, S.; Marin, V.; Roussel, S.; Martino, S.; Fabiano, M.; Paoli, C.; Rey-Valette, H.; Povh, D.; Malvárez, C.G. (2011) - ICZM and coastal defence, perception by beach users: lessons from the Mediterranean coastal area. Ocean & Coastal Management, 54:821-830. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.004
Marotta, L.; Ceccaroni, L.; Matteucci, G.; Rossini, P.; Guerzoni, S. (2011) - A decision-support system in ICZM for protecting the ecosystems: integration with the habitat directive. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15(3):393-405. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-010-0106-3
Martino, S.; Amos, C.L. (2015) - Valuation of the ecosystem services of beach nourishment in decision making: The case study of Tarquinia Lido, Italy. Ocean & Coastal Management, 111:82-91.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.03.012
Marzetti S.; Disegna M.; Koutrakis E.; Saponidis A.; Marin, V.; Martino, S.; Roussel, S.; Rey-Valette, H.; Paoli, C. (2016) - Awareness of ICZM and WTP in European Mediterranean regions: a case study. Marine Policy, 63:100-108. DOI: 10.5367/te.2013.0360
McKenna, A.J.; Cooper, A; O’Haganm A.M. (2008) - Managing by
principle: A critical analysis of the European principles of Integrated
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Marine Policy, 32(6):941–955.
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MELS (2011) - Italian National Report on the implementation of ICZM based on the EU ICZM Recommendation (2006-2010). Available on-line at http://www.minambiente.it/home_it/menu.html?mp=/
menu/menu_attivita/&m=argomenti.html%7CMare.html%7CGestione_
Integrata_delle_Zone_Costiere__.html.
Olsen, B.S.; Tobey, J.; Kerr, M. (1997) - A common framework for
learning from ICM experience, Ocean & Coastal Management,
37:155-174. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(97)90105-8
Olsen, S.B. (2003) - Frameworks and indicators for assessing progress
in integrated coastal zone management initiatives, Ocean & Coastal Management, 46, 347-361. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00012-7
Pavasovic, A. (1996) - The Mediterranean Action Plan Phase II and the revised Barcelona Convention: new prospective for integrated coastal management in the Mediterranean region, Ocean & Coastal Management, 31:133-182. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00036-1
Pickaver, A.; Ferreira, M. (2008) - Implementing ICZM at sub
national/local level-recommendation on best practices. EUCC The Coastal Union.
Pickaver, A.H.; Gilbert, C.; Breton, F. (2004) - An indicator set to measure the progress in the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47: 449-462. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.06.001
Pirrone, N.; Trombino, G.; Cinnirella, S.; Algieri, A.; Bendoricchio, G.; Palmeri, L. (2005) - The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach for integrated catchment-coastal zone management: preliminary application to the Po catchment-Adriatic Sea coastal zone system. Regional Environmental Change, 5:111–137.
DOI: 10.1007/s10113-004-0092-9
Portman, M.E.; Esteves, L.S.; Le, X.Q.; Khan, A.Z. (2012) - Improving
integration for integrated coastal zone management: An eight country study. Science of The Total Environment, 439:194–201.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.016.
Rochette, J. (2009) - Challenge, dialogue, action… Recent developments
in the protection of coastal zones in Italy. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 13(2-3):131-139. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-009-0051-1
Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute (2006) - Evaluation
of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany.
Salmona, P. ;Verardi, D. (2001) - The marine protected area of Portofino,
Italy: a difficult balance. Ocean & Coastal Management, 44: 39-60.
DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00084-3
Scott A. (1996) - The role of the coastal forum in coastal zone management: case study of Cardigan Bay forum. In: J. Taussik and
Mitchell J., (org.), Partnership in the coastal zone Management,
pp.557-564, Samara Publishing, Cardigan, U.K.
Scovazzi, T. (1994) - International law of the sea as applied to the
Mediterranean. Ocean and Coastal Management, 24(1):71-84.
DOI: 10.1016/0964-5691(94)90053-1
Sorensen, J. (1993) - The international proliferation of integrated
coastal zone management efforts. Ocean & Coastal Management,
21:45-80. DOI: 10.1016/0964-5691(93)90020-Y
N.A. (1999) - All hands on deck. An interactive perspective on complex common-pool resource management based on case studies in the coastal waters of the Isle of Wight (UK), Connemara (Ireland) and the Dutch Wadden Sea. Wageningen, ponsenand Looijen.
ISBN: 90-5808-097-8
Taussik, J. (1997) - The influence of the institutional system on planning the coastal zone: experiences from England and Sweden, Planning Practice & Research, 12(1):9-19. DOI: 10.1080/02697459716671
Taussik, J. (2001) - Collaborative planning in the coastal zone. PhD
thesis, University of Cardiff, U.K.
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integrated coastal management in England and Wales. Marine Policy, 23(4-5):501-523. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-597X(98)00054-2
Ballinger, R.; Pickaver, A.; Lymbery, G.: Ferreria, M. (2010) - An evaluation of the implementation of the European ICZM principles. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(12):738-749.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.013
Boelaert–Suominen, S.; Cullinan, C. (1994) - Legal and institutional
aspect of integrated coastal area management in national legislation,
124p., FAO.
Born S.M.; Miller A.H. (1988) - Assessing networked coastal zone
management programs, Coastal Management, 16: 229-243.
DOI: 10.1080/08920758809362060
Caravita, B. (2000) - Diritto pubblico dell’ambiente, seconda edizione,
Il Mulino, Bologna.
CEC (1995) - Communication from the Commision to the Council and the European Parliament on the integrated management of the coastal zone, COM 511/95, Bruxelles, Luxembourg. ISBN 92-828-6463-4.
CEC (1999) - Lessons from the European Commission’s demonstration
programme on integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), Bruxelles, Luxembourg.
CEC (2000) - Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on integrated coastal zone management:
a strategy for Europe. COM (2000) 547 final. Brussels: CEC.
CEC (2002) - Recommendation of the European parliament and of the council of 30 May 2002 concerning the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in Europe. 2202 413/EC
Cicin-Sain, B.; Knecht, R. (1998) - Integrated coastal and ocean
management, 543p., Island Press, Washington, U.S.A.
ISBN: 9781559636049.
Dubbink, W., van Vliet M. (1996) - Market regulation versus comanagement? Marine Policy, 60(6):499-516.
DOI: 10.1016/S0308-597X(96)00035-8
EC (2007) - An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union.
COM(2007) 574 final
EC (2011a) - Public hearing on integrated coastal zone management,
30 May 2011 hearing report.
EC (2011b) - Support study for an impact assessment for a followup to the EU ICZM recommendation (2002/413/EC).
EC (2013) - Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management, COM(2013)133.
Giordano, L.; Alberico, I.; Ferraro, L.; Marsella, E.; Lirer, F.; Di Fiore, V. (2013) - A new tool to promote sustainability of coastal zones. The case of Sele plain, southern Italy. Rendiconti Lincei, 24(2):113-126. DOI:10.1007/s12210-013-0236-2
Gusmerotti, N.M.; Marino, D.; Testa, F. (2013) - Environmental policy tools to improve the management of marine and coastal zones in Italy: the self-financing instruments. In: E. Creighton & P. Danovich, Environmental Policy: Management, Legal Issues and Health Aspects, Nova Science Publishers, New York, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1628084979.
Henoque, Y. (2003) - Development of process indicators for coastal
zone management assessment in France. Ocean & Coastal Management, 46: 363-379. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00013-9
Hunphrey, S.; Burbridge, P. (1999) - Planning and management
process: sectoral and territorial cooperation. Available at
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/iczm/themd_rp.pdf.
Inder, A. (1996) - Partnership in planning and management of the
Solent. In: J. Taussik & Mitchell J., (org.), Partnership in the coastal zone Management. Cardigan Samara Publishing limited.
Jones, S. (1996) - A comparative analysis of coastal zone management
plans in England and The Netherlands- In: Jones, Healy & Williams (org.), Studies in European coastal management, pp. 143-154, Samara Publishing Limited, Cardigan, U.K. ISBN: 978-1873692073
Kennedy, K.H. (1995) - Producing management plans for majors
estuaries - the need for a systematic approach: a case study of the Thames estuary. In: Healy and Doody (org.), Directions in European coastal Management, pp. 451-459, Samara publishing Limited, Cardigan, U.K. ISBN: 978-1873692066.
Knecht, R.; Cicin-Sain, B.; Fisk, W.G. (1996) - Perception of the performance of state coastal zone management programs in the United States. Coastal Management, 24:141-163.
DOI:10.1080/08920759709362325
Koutrakis, E.T.; Sapounidis, A.; Marzetti, S.; Giuliani, G.; Cerfolli, F.; Nascetti, G.; Martino, S.; Fabiano, M.; Marin, V.; Paoli, C.; Vassallo, P.; Roccatagliata, E.; Salmona, P.; Rey-Valette, H.; Roussel, S.; Carnus, F.; Bellet, F.; Povh, D., Malvarez, C.G. (2008) - Le Sous-projet ICZM-MED - Actions concertées, outils et critères pour la mise en oeuvre de la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) Méditerranéennes. In: BEACHMED-e (org.) - La gestion stratégique de la défense des littoraux pour un développement soutenable des zones côtières de la Méditerranée, 159p., GIER Graphic srl, Rome, Italy
Koutrakis, E.T. ; Sapounidis, A. ; Marzetti, S.; Giuliani, V.; Martino, S.; Fabiano, M.; Marin, V.; Paoli, C.; Roccatagliata, E.; Salmona, P.; Rey-Valette, H.; Roussel, S.; Povh, D.; Malvárez, C.G. (2010) - Public Stakeholders' Perception of ICZM and Coastal Erosion in the Mediterranean. Coastal Management, 38(4):354-377.
DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2010.487148
Koutrakis, E.T.; Sapounidis, A.; Marzetti, S.; Marin, V.; Roussel, S.; Martino, S.; Fabiano, M.; Paoli, C.; Rey-Valette, H.; Povh, D.; Malvárez, C.G. (2011) - ICZM and coastal defence, perception by beach users: lessons from the Mediterranean coastal area. Ocean & Coastal Management, 54:821-830. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.004
Marotta, L.; Ceccaroni, L.; Matteucci, G.; Rossini, P.; Guerzoni, S. (2011) - A decision-support system in ICZM for protecting the ecosystems: integration with the habitat directive. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15(3):393-405. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-010-0106-3
Martino, S.; Amos, C.L. (2015) - Valuation of the ecosystem services of beach nourishment in decision making: The case study of Tarquinia Lido, Italy. Ocean & Coastal Management, 111:82-91.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.03.012
Marzetti S.; Disegna M.; Koutrakis E.; Saponidis A.; Marin, V.; Martino, S.; Roussel, S.; Rey-Valette, H.; Paoli, C. (2016) - Awareness of ICZM and WTP in European Mediterranean regions: a case study. Marine Policy, 63:100-108. DOI: 10.5367/te.2013.0360
McKenna, A.J.; Cooper, A; O’Haganm A.M. (2008) - Managing by
principle: A critical analysis of the European principles of Integrated
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Marine Policy, 32(6):941–955.
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.02.005
Ministero dell’Ambiente (2001a) - Relazione sullo stato dell’ambiente 2001, Ministero dell’Ambiente, Rome, Italy.
Ministero dell’Ambiente (2001b) - Strategia d’azione ambientale per lo sviluppo sostenibile in Italia, Ministero dell’Ambiente, Rome, Italy.
MELS (2011) - Italian National Report on the implementation of ICZM based on the EU ICZM Recommendation (2006-2010). Available on-line at http://www.minambiente.it/home_it/menu.html?mp=/
menu/menu_attivita/&m=argomenti.html%7CMare.html%7CGestione_
Integrata_delle_Zone_Costiere__.html.
Olsen, B.S.; Tobey, J.; Kerr, M. (1997) - A common framework for
learning from ICM experience, Ocean & Coastal Management,
37:155-174. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(97)90105-8
Olsen, S.B. (2003) - Frameworks and indicators for assessing progress
in integrated coastal zone management initiatives, Ocean & Coastal Management, 46, 347-361. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00012-7
Pavasovic, A. (1996) - The Mediterranean Action Plan Phase II and the revised Barcelona Convention: new prospective for integrated coastal management in the Mediterranean region, Ocean & Coastal Management, 31:133-182. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00036-1
Pickaver, A.; Ferreira, M. (2008) - Implementing ICZM at sub
national/local level-recommendation on best practices. EUCC The Coastal Union.
Pickaver, A.H.; Gilbert, C.; Breton, F. (2004) - An indicator set to measure the progress in the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47: 449-462. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.06.001
Pirrone, N.; Trombino, G.; Cinnirella, S.; Algieri, A.; Bendoricchio, G.; Palmeri, L. (2005) - The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach for integrated catchment-coastal zone management: preliminary application to the Po catchment-Adriatic Sea coastal zone system. Regional Environmental Change, 5:111–137.
DOI: 10.1007/s10113-004-0092-9
Portman, M.E.; Esteves, L.S.; Le, X.Q.; Khan, A.Z. (2012) - Improving
integration for integrated coastal zone management: An eight country study. Science of The Total Environment, 439:194–201.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.016.
Rochette, J. (2009) - Challenge, dialogue, action… Recent developments
in the protection of coastal zones in Italy. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 13(2-3):131-139. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-009-0051-1
Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute (2006) - Evaluation
of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe -Final Report, Cologne, Germany.
Salmona, P. ;Verardi, D. (2001) - The marine protected area of Portofino,
Italy: a difficult balance. Ocean & Coastal Management, 44: 39-60.
DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00084-3
Scott A. (1996) - The role of the coastal forum in coastal zone management: case study of Cardigan Bay forum. In: J. Taussik and
Mitchell J., (org.), Partnership in the coastal zone Management,
pp.557-564, Samara Publishing, Cardigan, U.K.
Scovazzi, T. (1994) - International law of the sea as applied to the
Mediterranean. Ocean and Coastal Management, 24(1):71-84.
DOI: 10.1016/0964-5691(94)90053-1
Sorensen, J. (1993) - The international proliferation of integrated
coastal zone management efforts. Ocean & Coastal Management,
21:45-80. DOI: 10.1016/0964-5691(93)90020-Y
N.A. (1999) - All hands on deck. An interactive perspective on complex common-pool resource management based on case studies in the coastal waters of the Isle of Wight (UK), Connemara (Ireland) and the Dutch Wadden Sea. Wageningen, ponsenand Looijen.
ISBN: 90-5808-097-8
Taussik, J. (1997) - The influence of the institutional system on planning the coastal zone: experiences from England and Sweden, Planning Practice & Research, 12(1):9-19. DOI: 10.1080/02697459716671
Taussik, J. (2001) - Collaborative planning in the coastal zone. PhD
thesis, University of Cardiff, U.K.
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