Volume 16, Issue 1 - March 2016
|
|
|
- Abstract / Resumo
- References / Bibliografia
- Citations / Citações
Revista de
Gestão Costeira
Integrada
Volume 16, Número 1, Março 2016, Páginas 45-56
DOI: 10.5894/rgci648
* Submission: 15 OCT 2015; Peer review: 28 NOV 2015; Revised: 18 DEC
2015; Accepted: 5 JAN 2016; Available on-line: 6 JAN 2016
Exploring the Challenges of Implementing
Integrated Coastal Management and Achieving Sustainability within the
Cameroon Coastline *
Suinyuy Derrick Ngoran @, a; XiongZhi Xue b; Anthony Banyouko Ndah c
@ - Corresponding author to whom correspondence
should be addressed.
a - Xiamen University, College of the Environment and Ecology,
Department of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Engineering,
361102, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China. e-mail:
<[email protected]>
b - Xiamen University, Coastal and Ocean Management Institute (COMI),
College of the Environment and Ecology, 361102, Xiamen, Fujian
Province, China. e-mail: <mailto:[email protected]>
c - Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Faculty of Arts and Social Science,
Environmental Studies Program, Brunei. e-mail:
<mailto:[email protected]>
ABSTRACT
Integrated coastal management (ICM) has been accepted as a strategic management approach in achieving sustainable development in coastal areas. As such, many coastal nations, both from the developed and less developed countries have surmounted many challenges of the coastal milieu with a successful implementation of ICM and now enjoy a sound environment and a viable economy. However, a country like Cameroon with a coastline of about 402km still faces a lot of challenges in implementing ICM. According to Article 55 et seq of the Constitution, which lays down the general guidelines in matter of decentralization in Cameroon, the State is supposed to devolve upon regional and local authorities, under conditions laid down by law, powers over matters essential to their economic, social, health, educational, cultural and sports development. In reality, devolution of power still remains a nightmare, stifling sustainable coastal development. This paper, therefore, addresses the challenges faced by the State of Cameroon in implementing ICM. The work identifies predicaments/gaps in environmental planning and also makes relevant recommendations in bridging such gaps. In order to attend a desirable degree of sustainability within Cameroon’s coastline, real implementation of ICM can only be achieved if sectorial lines are effectively minimized through the enforcement of the decentralization process.
Keywords: Coastal Management, Sustainable development, Decentralization, Capacity building.
Explorando os desafios da implementação de Gestão Costeira Integrada e alcançando a sustentabilidade no litoral dos Camarões
RESUMOA gestão integrada do litoral (ICM) tem sido aceite como uma de gestão estratégica para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável nas zonas costeiras. Como tal, muitas nações ribeirinhas, tanto de países desenvolvidos como menos desenvolvidos, têm superado muitos desafios existentes nos ambientes costeiros através de uma implementação bem sucedida de ICM e desfrutando agora de um ambiente saudável e uma economia viável. No entanto, um país como a República dos Camarões com um litoral de cerca de 402 quilómetros, ainda enfrenta uma série de desafios na implementação do ICM. De acordo com o artigo 55 e seguintes da Constituição, que estabelece as directrizes gerais em matéria de descentralização nos Camarões, o Estado deve dotar as autoridades regionais e locais, nas condições estabelecidas por lei, de poderes sobre assuntos essenciais para o desenvolvimento económico, social, de saúde, educacional, cultural e desportivo. Na realidade, a atribuição destes poderes continua ainda a ser um pesadelo, asfixiando o desenvolvimento costeiro sustentável. Este artigo aborda os desafios enfrentados pelo Estado dos Camarões na execução ICM. O trabalho identifica impasses / lacunas no planeamento ambiental e faz também recomendações pertinentes no sentido de colmatar essas lacunas. Para atingir um grau desejável de sustentabilidade na costa dos Camarões, a implementação da ICM só pode ser alcançada se as linhas sectoriais forem efectivamente minimizadas através da aplicação de processos de descentralização.
Palavras-chave: Gestão Costeira, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Descentralização, Criação de Capacidades.
Abbot, J.I.; Thomas, D.H.; Gardner,
A.A.; Neba, S.E.; Khen, M.W. (2001) - Understanding the links between
conservation and development in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. World
Development, 29(7):1115-1136. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00033-X
Ajonina, G.N. (2008) - Inventory and Modelling Mangrove Forest Stand Dynamics Following Different Levels of Wood Exploitation Pressures in the Douala-Edea Atlantic Coast of Cameroon, Central Africa. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
Ayissi, I.; Ajonina, G.N.; Angoni, H. (2014) - Status of Large Marine
Flagship Faunal Diversity Within Cameroon Estuaries of Central African Coast. In: Salif Diop, Jean-Paul Barusseau, Cyr Descamps (eds.), The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa, pp.97-107, Springer International Publishing. ISBN: 978-3319063874. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06388-1_9
Baird, R. (2005) - On sustainability, estuaries, and ecosystem restoration: the art of the practical. Restoration ecology,
13(1):154-158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00019.x
Boesch, D.F. (2006) - Scientific requirements for ecosystem-based
management in the restoration of Chesapeake Bay and Coastal
Louisiana. Ecological Engineering, 26(1):6-26.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.09.004
Calado, H.; Ng, K.; Johnson, D.; Sousa, L.; Phillips, M.; Alves, F. (2010) - Marine spatial planning: lessons learned from the Portuguese debate. Marine Policy, 34(6):1341-1349. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.007
Carlton, J.T.; Geller, J.B. (1993) - Ecological roulette: the global
transport of non indigenous marine organisms. Science, 261(5117)78-82. DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5117.78
Cheka, C. (2007) - The state of the process of decentralisation in
Cameroon. Africa Development, 32(2):181-196.
DOI: 10.4314/ad.v32i2.57187.
Christie, P.; Pollnac, R.B.; Oracion, E.G.; Sabonsolin, A.; Diaz, R.; Pietri, D. (2009) - Back to basics: An empirical study demonstrating the importance of local-level dynamics for the success of tropical marine ecosystem-based management. Coastal Management,
37(3-4):349-373. DOI: 10.1080/08920750902851740
Chua, T.E.; Scura, L.F. (eds.) (1992) - Integrative Framework and
Methods for Coastal Area Management. Proceedings of the Regional
Workshop on Coastal Zone Planning and Management in ASEAN: Lessons Learned, 169p., Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, WorldFish. ISBN: 978-9718709320.
Cicin-Sain, B.; Knecht, R.W.; Jang, D.; Fisk, G.W. (1998) - Integrated
coastal and ocean management: concepts and practices. 517p., Island Press. ISBN: 978-1559636049.
Cullinan, C. (2006) - Integrated coastal management law: establishing
and strengthening national legal frameworks for integrated coastal management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Avaible on-line at http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/a0863e/
a0863e00.pdf.
Curtin, R.; Prellezo, R. (2010) - Understanding marine ecosystem based management: A literature review. Marine Policy, 34(5):821-830.
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.003
Douvere, F. (2008) - The importance of marine spatial planning in
advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Marine Policy,
32(5):762-771. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021
Easterly, W.; Levine, R. (1997) - Africa's growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4):1203-1250. DOI: 10.1162/003355300555466
Eyebe, A.; Simeon, A.E.; Angu, K.A.; Endamana, D. (2012) - Integrating
Biodiversity Conservation into National Development Policy: A case study of Cameroon. IIED Poverty and conservation learning group Discussion Paper, (09). Avaible on-line at http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/
G03722.pdf.
Finegold, C. (2009) - The importance of fisheries and aquaculture to
development. In: Wramner, P. ; Cullberg, M. ; Ackefors, H. (eds.), Fisheries, sustainability and development, pp.353-364, The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden. Available on-line at http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/
WF_2546.pdf.
Hildebrand, L. (2002) – Integrated Coastal Management: Lessons
Learned and Challenges Ahead. Discussion document for Managing
Shared Water/Coastal Zone Canada 2002. International Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Leslie, H.M.; McLeod, K.L. (2007) - Confronting the challenges of
implementing marine ecosystem-based management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(10):540-548.
DOI: 10.1890/060093
Liu, Z. (2003) - Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of sustainable tourism, 11(6):459-475. DOI: 10.1080/09669580308667216
Manga, V.E.; Agyingi, C.M.; Djieto-Lordon, A.E. (2013) - Inchannel Sand Extraction in River Mungo, Cameroon: Nature Effects and Concerns. In: Water & Environmental Dynamics, 6th International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research Proceedings, pp.11-28, Koblenz, Germany. DOI: 10.5675/ ICWRER_2013.
McClanahan, T.R.; Marnane, M.J.; Cinner, J.E.; Kiene, W.E. (2006) - A comparison of marine protected areas and alternative approaches
to coral-reef management. Current Biology, 16(14):1408-1413.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.062
McKenna, J.; Cooper, A.; O’Hagan, A.M. (2008) - Managing by principle: A critical analysis of the European principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Marine Policy, 32(6):941-955.
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.02.005
Mebratu, D. (1998) - Sustainability and sustainable development:
historical and conceptual review. Environmental impact assessment
review, 18(6):493-520. DOI: 10.1016/S0195-9255(98)00019-5
Ndah, A. B. (2011) - Sustainable Development Challenges in Cameroon
Estuarine complex and Opportunities for Integrated Management:
Focus on the fisheries sector. Masters Thesis, Xiamen University, China. Unpublished.
Ndjama, J.; Kamgang, K.B.V.; Sigha, N.L.; Ekodeck, G.; Tita, M.A. (2008) - Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala, Cameroon. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(12):422-429.
Ngoran, S.D. (2014) - Socio-environmental Impacts of Sprawl on the Coastline of Douala: Options for Integrated Coastal Management. 172p., Anchor Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3954892464
Ngoran, S.D.; Xue, X. (2015) - Addressing urban sprawl in Douala,
Cameroon: Lessons from Xiamen integrated coastal management.
Journal of Urban Management, 4(1):53-72.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jum.2015.05.001
Ngoran, S.D.; Xue, X.; Ngoran, B.S. (2015) - The Dynamism between
Urbanization, Coastal Water Resources and Human Health: A Case Study of Douala, Cameroon. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(3):167-181.
Otero, X.L.; Ferreira, T.O.; Vidal-Torrado, P.; Macías, F. (2006) - Spatial variation in pore water geochemistry in a mangrove system (Pai Matos island, Cananeia-Brazil). Applied Geochemistry, 21(12):2171-2186.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.07.012
Peng, B., Chen, W.; Hong, H. (2011) - Integrating ecological damages
into the user charge for land reclamation: a case study of Xiamen, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 25(3):341-351. DOI: 10.1007/s00477-010-0372-5
Peng, B.; Hong, H.; Xue, X.; Jin, D. (2006) - On the measurement of socioeconomic benefits of integrated coastal management (ICM): Application to Xiamen, China. Ocean & coastal management, 49(3), 93-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.02.002
Platteau, J.P. (2009) - Institutional obstacles to African economic
development: State, ethnicity, and custom. Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 71(3):669-689.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.03.006
Pollnac, R.B.; Crawford, B.R.; Gorospe, M.L. (2001) - Discovering
factors that influence the success of community-based marine
protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. Ocean & Coastal
Management, 44(11):683-710.
DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00075-8
Pomeroy, R.; Douvere, F. (2008) - The engagement of stakeholders
in the marine spatial planning process. Marine Policy,
32(5):816-822. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.017
Shi, C.; Hutchinson, S.M.; Yu, L.; Xu, S. (2001) - Towards a sustainable
coast: an integrated coastal zone management framework for Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Ocean & coastal management, 44(5):411-427. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00058-8
Ajonina, G.N. (2008) - Inventory and Modelling Mangrove Forest Stand Dynamics Following Different Levels of Wood Exploitation Pressures in the Douala-Edea Atlantic Coast of Cameroon, Central Africa. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
Ayissi, I.; Ajonina, G.N.; Angoni, H. (2014) - Status of Large Marine
Flagship Faunal Diversity Within Cameroon Estuaries of Central African Coast. In: Salif Diop, Jean-Paul Barusseau, Cyr Descamps (eds.), The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa, pp.97-107, Springer International Publishing. ISBN: 978-3319063874. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06388-1_9
Baird, R. (2005) - On sustainability, estuaries, and ecosystem restoration: the art of the practical. Restoration ecology,
13(1):154-158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00019.x
Boesch, D.F. (2006) - Scientific requirements for ecosystem-based
management in the restoration of Chesapeake Bay and Coastal
Louisiana. Ecological Engineering, 26(1):6-26.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.09.004
Calado, H.; Ng, K.; Johnson, D.; Sousa, L.; Phillips, M.; Alves, F. (2010) - Marine spatial planning: lessons learned from the Portuguese debate. Marine Policy, 34(6):1341-1349. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.007
Carlton, J.T.; Geller, J.B. (1993) - Ecological roulette: the global
transport of non indigenous marine organisms. Science, 261(5117)78-82. DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5117.78
Cheka, C. (2007) - The state of the process of decentralisation in
Cameroon. Africa Development, 32(2):181-196.
DOI: 10.4314/ad.v32i2.57187.
Christie, P.; Pollnac, R.B.; Oracion, E.G.; Sabonsolin, A.; Diaz, R.; Pietri, D. (2009) - Back to basics: An empirical study demonstrating the importance of local-level dynamics for the success of tropical marine ecosystem-based management. Coastal Management,
37(3-4):349-373. DOI: 10.1080/08920750902851740
Chua, T.E.; Scura, L.F. (eds.) (1992) - Integrative Framework and
Methods for Coastal Area Management. Proceedings of the Regional
Workshop on Coastal Zone Planning and Management in ASEAN: Lessons Learned, 169p., Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, WorldFish. ISBN: 978-9718709320.
Cicin-Sain, B.; Knecht, R.W.; Jang, D.; Fisk, G.W. (1998) - Integrated
coastal and ocean management: concepts and practices. 517p., Island Press. ISBN: 978-1559636049.
Cullinan, C. (2006) - Integrated coastal management law: establishing
and strengthening national legal frameworks for integrated coastal management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Avaible on-line at http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/a0863e/
a0863e00.pdf.
Curtin, R.; Prellezo, R. (2010) - Understanding marine ecosystem based management: A literature review. Marine Policy, 34(5):821-830.
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.003
Douvere, F. (2008) - The importance of marine spatial planning in
advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Marine Policy,
32(5):762-771. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021
Easterly, W.; Levine, R. (1997) - Africa's growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4):1203-1250. DOI: 10.1162/003355300555466
Eyebe, A.; Simeon, A.E.; Angu, K.A.; Endamana, D. (2012) - Integrating
Biodiversity Conservation into National Development Policy: A case study of Cameroon. IIED Poverty and conservation learning group Discussion Paper, (09). Avaible on-line at http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/
G03722.pdf.
Finegold, C. (2009) - The importance of fisheries and aquaculture to
development. In: Wramner, P. ; Cullberg, M. ; Ackefors, H. (eds.), Fisheries, sustainability and development, pp.353-364, The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden. Available on-line at http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/
WF_2546.pdf.
Hildebrand, L. (2002) – Integrated Coastal Management: Lessons
Learned and Challenges Ahead. Discussion document for Managing
Shared Water/Coastal Zone Canada 2002. International Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Leslie, H.M.; McLeod, K.L. (2007) - Confronting the challenges of
implementing marine ecosystem-based management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(10):540-548.
DOI: 10.1890/060093
Liu, Z. (2003) - Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of sustainable tourism, 11(6):459-475. DOI: 10.1080/09669580308667216
Manga, V.E.; Agyingi, C.M.; Djieto-Lordon, A.E. (2013) - Inchannel Sand Extraction in River Mungo, Cameroon: Nature Effects and Concerns. In: Water & Environmental Dynamics, 6th International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research Proceedings, pp.11-28, Koblenz, Germany. DOI: 10.5675/ ICWRER_2013.
McClanahan, T.R.; Marnane, M.J.; Cinner, J.E.; Kiene, W.E. (2006) - A comparison of marine protected areas and alternative approaches
to coral-reef management. Current Biology, 16(14):1408-1413.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.062
McKenna, J.; Cooper, A.; O’Hagan, A.M. (2008) - Managing by principle: A critical analysis of the European principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Marine Policy, 32(6):941-955.
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.02.005
Mebratu, D. (1998) - Sustainability and sustainable development:
historical and conceptual review. Environmental impact assessment
review, 18(6):493-520. DOI: 10.1016/S0195-9255(98)00019-5
Ndah, A. B. (2011) - Sustainable Development Challenges in Cameroon
Estuarine complex and Opportunities for Integrated Management:
Focus on the fisheries sector. Masters Thesis, Xiamen University, China. Unpublished.
Ndjama, J.; Kamgang, K.B.V.; Sigha, N.L.; Ekodeck, G.; Tita, M.A. (2008) - Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala, Cameroon. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(12):422-429.
Ngoran, S.D. (2014) - Socio-environmental Impacts of Sprawl on the Coastline of Douala: Options for Integrated Coastal Management. 172p., Anchor Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3954892464
Ngoran, S.D.; Xue, X. (2015) - Addressing urban sprawl in Douala,
Cameroon: Lessons from Xiamen integrated coastal management.
Journal of Urban Management, 4(1):53-72.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jum.2015.05.001
Ngoran, S.D.; Xue, X.; Ngoran, B.S. (2015) - The Dynamism between
Urbanization, Coastal Water Resources and Human Health: A Case Study of Douala, Cameroon. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(3):167-181.
Otero, X.L.; Ferreira, T.O.; Vidal-Torrado, P.; Macías, F. (2006) - Spatial variation in pore water geochemistry in a mangrove system (Pai Matos island, Cananeia-Brazil). Applied Geochemistry, 21(12):2171-2186.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.07.012
Peng, B., Chen, W.; Hong, H. (2011) - Integrating ecological damages
into the user charge for land reclamation: a case study of Xiamen, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 25(3):341-351. DOI: 10.1007/s00477-010-0372-5
Peng, B.; Hong, H.; Xue, X.; Jin, D. (2006) - On the measurement of socioeconomic benefits of integrated coastal management (ICM): Application to Xiamen, China. Ocean & coastal management, 49(3), 93-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.02.002
Platteau, J.P. (2009) - Institutional obstacles to African economic
development: State, ethnicity, and custom. Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 71(3):669-689.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.03.006
Pollnac, R.B.; Crawford, B.R.; Gorospe, M.L. (2001) - Discovering
factors that influence the success of community-based marine
protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. Ocean & Coastal
Management, 44(11):683-710.
DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00075-8
Pomeroy, R.; Douvere, F. (2008) - The engagement of stakeholders
in the marine spatial planning process. Marine Policy,
32(5):816-822. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.017
Shi, C.; Hutchinson, S.M.; Yu, L.; Xu, S. (2001) - Towards a sustainable
coast: an integrated coastal zone management framework for Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Ocean & coastal management, 44(5):411-427. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00058-8
em construção